老龄者视觉运动反应时状态观察

通过对不同年龄段人群视觉运动反应时的测定，确认伴随增龄反应时明显呈梯度延长，而且与心电图ＳＴ－Ｔ改变以及甲皱微循环指标无明确的相关关系，视觉运动反应时具有独立地反映老上得衰老程度的生物标志意义。     

Search for coloured objects in natural surroundings by people with abnormal colour vision

Background: People with abnormal colour vision often report difficulty seeing coloured berries and flowers in foliage, which suggests they will have a diminished capacity for visual search when target objects are marked out by colour. There is very little experimental evidence of the effect of abnormal colour vision on visual search and none relating to search for objects in natural foliage. Method: We showed 79 subjects with abnormal colour vision (seven protanopes, 10 deuteranopes, 16 protanomals and 46 deuteranomals) and 20 subjects with normal colour vision photographs of natural scenes and asked them to locate clumps of red berries, to trace the length of a red string on grass and to name the season depicted in a photograph taken in the Autumn and the same scene photographed in the Summer. Colour vision was assessed using the Ishihara, the Medmont C100, the Farnsworth D15, the Richmond HRR and the Nagel anomaloscope. Results: All the subjects with abnormal colour vision located fewer clumps of red berries than those with normal colour vision. The subjects who failed the Farnsworth D15 performed significantly worse than those who passed but the distribution of scores in the two groups overlaps. The majority of subjects with abnormal colour vision could not trace the full length of the string: only 38 per cent of anomalous trichromats who passed the Farnsworth D15 test and three per cent of those who failed it were able to trace the full length of the string. Fifty‐five per cent of those classed as having a mild deficiency by the HRR test could trace the whole string. Most dichromats were unable to identify the Autumn season and those who did may have been assisted by guessing. Most (94 per cent) of those who passed the Farnsworth D15 test and all those classified as having a ‘mild’ deficiency by the HRR test could identify the season. Conclusions: All people with abnormal colour vision, even those with a very mild deficiency, have some degree of impairment of their ability to see coloured objects in natural surroundings. A pass at the Farnsworth D15 test or a ‘mild’ classification with the Richmond HRR test identifies those likely to have the least problems with visual search and identification tasks. The results have practical implications for the selection of personnel in occupations that involve visual search in natural terrain.     

脑动脉硬化对视神经血供影响的形态学研究及其临床意义

①目的 探讨视神经动脉起源、数目、分布及相关动脉的病理变化，为视神经因缺血所致视野缺损提供形态学依据。②方法 在体视显微镜扣手术显微镜下对100侧成人脑标本观察视神经动脉来源、数目和分布，对其中年龄50-70岁60侧脑标本的视神经和相关动脉进行病理切片观察。③结果 视神经动脉主要来源于颈内动脉、大脑前动脉争前交通动脉。其中单来源3侧(3％)，双来源68侧(68％)，3来源29侧(29％)。病理切片观察动脉管壁有粥样硬化改变53侧(88．3％)，其中被硬化斑块阻塞眼动脉的3侧(5、7％)。阻塞垂体上动脉的4侧(7．5％)，小动脉管腔狭窄11侧(20．8％)。与小动脉阻塞相对应的视神经切片。可见有神经纤维萎缩、变性等病理改变。硬化的颈内动脉壁压迫视神经可以形成明显的压迹。④结论 50岁以上出现不明原因的周边或中央视野缺损。脑动脉硬化导致视神经供血障碍病因不能除外。     

黄斑裂孔的游标高敏视力特征

目的　探讨游标高敏视力检测黄斑裂孔眼视功能的临床应用价值。方法　采用自行研究设计的游标高敏视力检查系统软件 ,对 2 7例 (2 7只眼 )黄斑裂孔患者进行游标高敏视力检查 (其中 16例 16只眼经手术前后对比 ) ,受检者按要求判断计算机显示屏上活动光标与固定光标的相对位置关系 ,并通过移动轨迹球调整光标 ,计算机自动分析活动光标和固定光标位置之偏差 ,得出平均阈值及其变异度。结果　黄斑裂孔组的游标高敏视力阈值与同龄正常组比较明显升高 ,阈值变异度增大 ,与正常眼比较差异均有非常显著性 (P<0 .0 1)。手术治疗组术前术后游标高敏视力比较 ,阈值的差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 ) ,阈值变异度差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 )。黄斑裂孔视力与游标视力阈值的相关系数为 - 0 .79,与游标视力阈值变异度的相关系数为 - 0 .85。结论　游标高敏视力的阈值及其变异度的高低是反映黄斑裂孔病变轻重的一个功能指标 ,对于辅助早期诊断、分类具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Binocular afferents to the salamander pretectum mediate rotation sensitivity of cells selective for visual background motions

The majority (85%) of background motion-sensitive pretectal cells in salamanders was found to be binocularly driven. In 70% of the units the binocularity establishes a rotation selectivity with respect to background pattern-movements. This results in a considerable augmentation of the discharge rate when pattern movement is perceived simultaneously in the temporonasal direction by the contralateral eye and nasotemporally by the ipsilateral eye. The response is depressed when the pattern movement is seen in the same direction by both eyes. It is concluded that the rotation-sensitive cells are mainly excited by contralateral retinal afferents selective for temporonasal movements and inhibited by direct or indirect ipsilateral afferents with the same type of direction selectivity.     

NGF prevents the changes induced by monocular deprivation during the critical period in rats

Photic evoked responses were recorded from the striate cortex of Long-Evans hooded intact, monocular visual deprivation (MD) and MD treated with NGF rats. The averaged visual evoked responses (AVER) were obtained from both hemispheres and provided comparison after binocular photic stimuli between the contralateral and the ipsilateral striate cortex with relation to the MD eye. One month of monocular visual deprivation at the critical period of development resulted in marked reduction of the amplitudes of AVER components as compared to the control recordings (P < 0.001). These changes of the AVER could be prevented by NGF infusion to lateral ventricle at the dosage of 2.0–2.4 μg/day for four weeks during the monocular deprivation. In conclusion, the change of AVER amplitudes induced by monocular visual deprivation during the critical period of development can be prevented by NGF infusion to lateral ventricle.     

2000—2022年人工智能应用于食管癌领域全球研究的可视化分析

背景 随着近20余年人工智能（AI）在食管癌领域应用研究的骤增,出现了许多关于该研究的系统、荟萃分析等,但其仅针对AI在该领域应用的单一方面的总结研究,研究人员难以全面了解领域最新发展与研究热点。目的 通过文献计量分析总结AI在食管癌领域的应用,阐明AI在食管癌领域相关研究的进展、热点和新兴趋势。方法检索Web of Science Core Collection(WoSCC)的Science Citation Index Expanded(SCI-E)数据库收录的AI应用于食管癌领域的所有英文文献,检索时间2000-01-01至2022-04-06。应用Microsoft Excel 2019、CiteSpace(5.8R3-64bit)和VOSviewer(1.6.18)对文献进行发文量、国家、作者、机构、共被引和关键词分析。结果 2000—2022年共检索到AI应用于食管癌领域的文献918篇,共计引用文献总量23 490篇。发文趋势：2000—2016年为迟缓期,发文量从6篇增至40篇;2017—2022年为快速增长期,发文量从62篇突增至216篇。60个国家、118家机构、5 ...     

Senile plaques,amyloid β-protein,and acetylcholinesterase fibres: laminar distributions in Alzheimer's disease striate cortex

Summary The laminar distributions of senile plaques and amyloid -protein (AP) within the striate cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) were studied with enhanced Bielschowsky (roughly equivalent to the Campbell technique) and immunohistochemical methods. The laminar distribution of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) fibres within the striate cortex of both AD patients and control patients was studied with an enzyme histochemical method. Quantification of Bielschowsky-stained plaque numbers along intersect lines drawn parallel to laminar boundaries revealed a significant aggregation of plaques at the interface of layers IVc and V. Lines drawn through layer VI intersected significantly fewer plaques than lines through other laminae. Immunoperoxidase staining for AP revealed a similar distribution fo senile plaques, and additional, prominent, diffuse deposits of AP within layers I and IVc. AChE fibres were markedly depleted in the striate cortex of AD cases. In control cases, AChE fibres were, like AP immunoreactivity, concentrated within layers I and IVc. The results indicate that enhanced silver methods may not reveal the complete distribution of AP. The codistribution of AP-immunoreactive diffuse amyloid deposits and AChE fibres to the same cortical laminae is consistent with the possibility that these deposits may be formed from degenerating cholinergic elements. The formation of a line of senile plaques at the interface of two cortical laminae within the striate cortex, in an anatomically analogous situation to a similar line of plaques within the dentate gyrus, suggests that formation of well-defined plaques may be accelerated by the interaction of specific neuronal systems.Supported by a Fellowship from the British Columbia Health Care Research Foundation to TGB. This work is part of the PhD. dissertation of Dr. Beach (University of British Columbia, 1991)     

Immunoglobulin mimicry by Hepatitis C Virus envelope protein E2

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) establishes persistent infection in the majority of infected individuals. The currently accepted hypothesis of immune evasion by antigenic variation in hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of glycoprotein E2 does not however, explain the lack of subsequent immune recognition. Here, we show that the N-terminal region of E2 is antigenically and structurally similar to human immunoglobulin (Ig) variable domains. E2 is recognized by anti-human IgG antibodies and also possesses common amino acid (aa) sequence features of the conserved v-gene framework regions of human Ig light chains in particular but also heavy chains and T cell receptors. Using a position specific scoring system, the degree of similarity of HVR1 to Ig types correlated with immune escape and persistence in humans and experimentally infected chimpanzees. We propose a unique role for threshold levels of Ig molecular mimicry in HCV biology that not only advances our concept of viral immune escape and persistent infection but also provides insight into host-dependent disease patterns.     

Visual cortex ablation and thresholds for successively presented stimuli in rhesus monkeys: II. Hue

Summary Rhesus monkeys were trained to discriminate successively presented hues. The smallest difference they could reliably detect was determined before and after either inferotemporal ablation, or a lesion intended to remove as much as possible of prestriate area V4 (Zeki, 1973).As a group, the animals with lesions of V4 showed good but not perfect retention of their preoperative performance, and their thresholds were unaltered. The inferotemporal group showed no retention of the simplest successive task, red versus green, but after relearning their thresholds too were unaltered. It appears that animals without inferotemporal cortex can form precise internal representations of hues, and that the basis of the inferotemporal learning impairment may depend upon the nature of the stimuli to be discriminated.