Bilateral Occlusion of Carotid Artery in Awake Hypertensive Rats (SHR-SP) as a Model of Global Cerebral Ischemia

Bilateral occlusion of carotid arteries in awake hypertensive rats (SHR-SP) was used as a model of global brain ischemia (duration of occlusion — until appearance of seizures). In normotensive rats (WKY), no seizures developed over 60 min. We revealed swelling of mitochondria in dendrites of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, which was more pronounced in SHP-SP than in WKY rats. Blood pressure and heart rate in SHR-SP rats increased starting from the first minutes of occlusion, while in WKY rats these parameters remained unchanged. We proved that bilateral occlusion of the carotid arteries in awake SHR-SP rats can be used as an adequate model of global cerebral ischemia. Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 146, No. 12, pp. 627–630, December, 2008     

A study of the arterial blood supply to the penis

Summary Two arterial systems contribute to the blood supply of the penis. The deeper system, responsible for supplying the erectile tissues, arises from the internal pudendal arteries (a. pudendae internae), or sometimes from an accessory internal artery. Four branches, either collateral or terminal, should be considered: the artery to the bulb of the penis, the urethral artery, the deep artery of the penis and the dorsal artery of the penis. Variations are frequently present in the origin, distribution and symmetry of these arteries, but on the whole the blood supply is organised into three planes, inferior or ventral, middle and deep, superior or dorsal. These three planes are complementary: when the blood supply to any one of them is occluded, at whatever level this may be, the blood supply is supplemented by the plane immediately above it. Arteriograms should be interpreted with caution because anatomical variations may at first sight be taken for pathological change.The superficial system, supplying the tissues around the erectile organs, arises from the lateral inferior pudendal arteries. Three types of supply have been described, according to whether the right and left arteries have a symmetrical distribution or whether the arterial network arises in large part or totally from one side.

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Contribution à l'étude de la vascularisation artérielle du pénis

Résumé Deux systèmes artériels participent à la vascularisation du pénis. Le système profond, tenant sous sa dépendance les organes érectiles, a pour origine les artères honteuses internes (a. pudendae internae), parfois une artère interne accessoire. Quatre branches, collatérales ou terminales sont à considérer: l'artère du bulbe du pénis, l'artère urètrale, l'artère profonde du pénis, l'artère dorsale. Il existe de fréquentes variations dans l'origine, la distribution et la symétrie de ces artères mais, dans son ensemble, la vascularisation est organisée selon trois plans, inférieur ou ventral, moyen ou profond, supérieur ou dorsal. Ces trois plans sont complémentaires: lorsque l'un d'eux s'épuise, à quelque niveau que ce soit, le relais est pris par le plan immédiatement supérieur.Le système superficiel, vascularisant les enveloppes provient des artères honteuses externes inférieures. Trois types de vascularisation sont décrits, selon que les deux artères droite et gauche ont une distribution symétrique ou que le réseau artériel provient en majeure partie ou totalement d'un seul côté.

     

妊娠期糖尿病与瘦素水平变化的临床研究

目的　探讨瘦素水平与妊娠期糖尿病 (GDM)发病关系以及对其胎儿生长发育的影响。方法　采用放射免疫法测定GDM孕妇 2 0例 ,糖耐量减低 (IGT)孕妇 2 2例 ,正常孕妇 2 5例血清及其新生儿脐血的瘦素水平 ,同时测定这三组孕妇的胰岛素、C肽水平 ,并测量孕前体重指数和孕期体重增加指数 ,分析其与瘦素之间的关系。结果　GDM孕妇血清瘦素、胰岛素和C肽水平明显高于IGT组及正常组 (P <0 .0 0 1)。脐血瘦素水平与胎儿体重呈正相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) 。孕妇血清瘦素水平与胎儿体重无相关。孕妇血清瘦素水平与脐血瘦素水平无相关。GDM孕妇血清瘦素与孕前体重指数明显相关 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,与孕期体重增加指数无相关。结论　 (1)GDM孕妇血清瘦素水平明显高于正常孕妇 ,故瘦素可作为监控GDM的指标之一。(2 )GDM孕妇瘦素水平与脐血瘦素水平虽然不相关 ,提示胎儿瘦素是自身产生 ,但母亲糖尿病也可以影响胎儿产生更多的瘦素。     

SOST expression is restricted to the great arteries during embryonic and neonatal cardiovascular development.

Spatial-temporal regulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and Wnt activity is essential for normal cardiovascular development, and altered activity of these growth factors causes maldevelopment of the cardiac outflow tract and great arteries. In the present study, we show that SOST, a Dan family member reported to antagonize BMP and Wnt activity, is expressed within the medial vessel wall of the great arteries containing smooth muscle cells. The ascending aorta, aortic arch, brachiocephalic artery, common carotids, and pulmonary trunk were all associated with SOST expressing smooth muscle cells, while the heart itself, including the valves, and more distal arteries, that is, pulmonary arteries, subclavian arteries, and descending aorta, were negative. SOST was expressed from embryonic day 15.5 up to the neonatal period. SOST expression, however, did not correspond with inhibition of Smad-dependent BMP activity or beta-catenin-dependent Wnt activity in the great arteries. Activity of both signaling pathways was already down-regulated before induction of SOST expression.     

脐带穿刺术在胎儿先天性心脏病诊疗中的应用价值

目的探讨脐带穿刺在胎儿先天性心脏病诊疗中的应用价值。方法对34例行脐带穿刺的胎儿先天性心脏病例进行回顾性分析。结果34例均穿刺成功,未发生严重并发症。检出染色体异常6例,宫内巨细胞病毒感染1例。结论脐带穿刺术是一种安全有效改善妊娠结局的产前诊疗技术。     

Early atherosclerotic lesions in infancy: role of parental cigarette smoking

Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased incidence of atherosclerotic diseases. The aim of this study was to examine the progression of the preatherosclerotic lesions previously observed by us in coronary arteries of fetuses of smoker mothers and in infants with smoker parents. We examined the coronary arteries of 34 infants, aged 1–36 months, and the histological and biological [c-fos, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and apoptosis] features of the early atherosclerotic lesions. In 17 infants (50%), at least one parent smoked, generally more than five cigarettes a day. In 18 cases (53%), we observed variable thickening of the coronary walls from preatherosclerotic lesions to juvenile atherosclerotic plaques, related to parental smoking habit. This morphological progression of the lesions was accompanied by a sequence of biological changes in the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media. We suggest that the oxidants present in the gas phase of the parental cigarette smoke pass through the endothelium and induce at first the c-fos gene activation and subsequently the PCNA positivity, that is, a proliferative process.     

A nonlinear model of the arterial vessels within a limb segment

The relationship between the arterial blood pressure and the volume of the arteries within a segment of an extremity is nonlinear. The present paper shows how the flow and volume pulsations of the arteries within a limb segment can be simulated taking this property into account. An electrical model was constructed comprising one resistor and two voltage dependent ‘capacitors’, the latter corresponding to the pressure dependent elasticity, or compliance, of the arteries. Adequate simulations were obtained over a wide pressure range, which is impossible with linear models. The nonlinear, i.e. pressure dependent, relationship between the volume and pressure of arteries, observed under static conditions, must also be taken into consideration when studying pulsatile events with models whether mathematical or physical.     

NST、脐血流S/D值预测胎儿缺氧的比较

目的评价这两种指标预测胎儿缺氧的价值.方法选取单胎足月高危妊娠200例作为研究对象,同时进行两项指标测定:1.常规行非应激试验,(NST)试验,2.脐血流S/D值测定.不良围产结局评定:5′Apgar评分≤7分,脐血pH≤7.20,胎儿预后不良.结果 NST(-)27例,脐血流S/D值≥3.0 24例.5′ Apgar评分≤7分 21例, 胎儿预后不良11例(1 例围产儿死亡).2种试验方法的的特异性、阴性预测值、准确性较高 ,假阴性率较低,敏感性、阳性预检值较低,假阳性率较高,NST与S/D值比较,无显著差异 (P>0.05).结论 NST、有较高的阴性预测价值,预测胎儿缺氧的阳性预测价值较低 ,NST( )能高度预示胎儿良好,而S/D值无论正常或异常均不能对胎儿安危作出明确评价 .     

Influence of pH and pCO2 on Alpha-Receptor Mediated Contraction in Brain Vessels

The response of isolated brain vessels to various pH levels or carbon dioxide tensions was analyzed. Reduction of the pH induced a slight relaxation of the vessel, whereas an increase in the pH produced a slight contraction. These effects were markedly exaggerated when the alpha-adrenergic receptors in the vascular wall were activated by noradrenaline. During these conditions the contractile response to noradrenaline was reduced by about 40 per cent at a pH of 7.01, while, on the other hand, the response was enhanced 3-fold at a pH of 7.80. Variations in carbon dioxide tension of the buffer solution between 16 mmHg and 64 mmHg produced no consistent change, provided the pH remained constant. The results indicate that an interaction between the perivascular pH and the adrenergic alpha-receptor mediated contraction in brain vessels may occur.     

Calcitonin gene-related peptide is present in mammalian cerebrovascular nerve fibres and dilates pial and peripheral arteries

Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a novel 37-amino acid peptide occurring in neurones within sensory ganglia, in brain stem, as well as in the walls of blood vessels of peripheral organs. Pial arteries of cat showed a well-developed supply of CGRP-positive nerve fibres. The peptide was found to be a potent dilator of both pial and peripheral vessels of rabbit and cat, and of pial vessels from man. The dilatory effect was independent of the vascular endothelium and was not mediated through adrenergic, cholinergic or histaminergic smooth muscle receptors. The neurogenic vasoconstriction induced by electrical field stimulation was temporarily inhibited by CGRP, as studied in central ear arteries from rabbits. The results suggest that CGRP is a transmitter or modulator playing a role in the regulation of vascular tone.