New light on the technique and indications for ventriculo-cisternal drainage according to leksell (interventriculostomy)

Summary Experience with the Leksell drainage (interventriculostomy) in 21 patients is reported. Apart from an account of the technical details and the diagnostic requirements, the indications are also discussed. Apart from the classic indication in a stenosis or restoration of the aqueduct in non—tumourous processes, we see a second reasonable field of application in subtotally resected posterior fossa tumours, when there is the possibility of a recurrence. In these cases the timely use of drainage can save a further operation. In addition, it can be used to forestall an immediate postoperative occlusion of the aqueduct due to oedema in cases in which a tumour was removed from the rostral part of the fourth ventricle.Compared to the common internal shunt procedures, the Leksell drainage shows a definitely greater functional security, equivalent to the Torkildsen drainage.     

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are characterised by the combined occurrence of two or more endocrine tumours in a patient. These autosomal dominant conditions occur in four types: MEN1 due to inactivating MEN1 mutations; MEN2A and MEN2B (MEN3) due to activating mutations of RET and MEN4 due to inactivating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (CDKN1B) mutations. Each MEN syndrome exhibits different combinations of pancreatic islet, anterior pituitary, parathyroid, medullary thyroid and adrenal tumours. This article provides an overview of the clinical features, treatments and molecular genetics of each endocrine tumour syndrome.     

Current progress and future trends in imaging of musculoskeletal bone tumours

Plain radiographs and MRI remains the gold standard imaging modality for bone tumour and tumour like lesions. Several imaging techniques have been developed to be used in conjunction, but doubt remains over how much additional diagnostic information they provide over and above routine MRI bone tumour sequences. Given the plethora of new modalities, this review aims to highlight some of them and how they may help in the diagnostic assessment of musculoskeletal bone tumours.     

Radiotherapy is not associated with an increased rate of Second Primary Tumours in Oral Squamous Carcinoma: A study of 370 patients

Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) remains a public health scourge. Radiotherapy (RT) is a major treatment modality and has been implicated in possible formation of Second Primary Tumours (SPT). In a single centre retrospective study of 370 patients with OSCCs (1967–2004) associations between RT, diagnosis of SPTs, median SPT diagnostic time lag, Disease Free Survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were analysed. Sixty-eight (18.4%) patients developed metachronous SPTs. Two hundred and twenty patients (59.3%) underwent some form of RT whilst 151 (40.7%) patients were not exposed to RT. No significant increased incidence of SPTs was demonstrated in the RT group. No significant difference in SPT diagnostic time lag was noted amongst the groups. This study suggests that RT is neither a risk for SPT induction nor increases the relative diagnostic time delay of upper aero-digestive tract SPTs.     

Testicular calcification and microlithiasis: association with primary intra-testicular malignancy in 3,477 patients

The prevalence of all forms of scrotal and testicular calcification and their association with testicular tumour in a symptomatic paediatric and adult population was investigated. A retrospective study of all testicular ultrasound examinations performed at a single centre over a 5-year period was undertaken. All studies were performed by experienced operators, recorded in a standard method, using high-frequency linear array transducers (≥10 MHz). All available images (95.2%) were reviewed by experienced operators, recording the location and type of scrotal and testicular calcification according to a pre-determined schedule. A total of 3,854 studies were reviewed on 3,477 patients (age range: 1 month to 91 years). In the adult group, 3,279 examinations were analysed. Prevalence of testicular microlithiasis (TM) was 2.0%, and the prevalence of other non-microlithiasis testicular calcification (non-TM calcification) was 1.7%. Testicular tumour was associated with TM (odds ratio 9.5, P<0.001) and non-TM calcification (odds ratio 11.4, P<0.001) but not with other types of scrotal calcification. A total of 198 paediatric examinations were analysed. Prevalence of TM was 2.0% and the prevalence of non-TM calcification was 0.5%. One tumour (lymphoma) was identified, with no associated calcification. This study confirms the reported association between TM and testicular tumour and finds a previously unreported association between non-TM calcification and testicular tumour.     

关于肿瘤编码的几点体会

目的探讨肿瘤编码的正确方法,尽量避免和减少肿瘤的编码错误。方法在工作中认真阅读病案特别是病理诊断,密切关注和及时掌握不断发现的新肿瘤、新名称,并注意日常工作的经验总结与积累,按照ICD 10分类原则进行编码。结果根据肿瘤疾病的实际情况选择正确的肿瘤编码。结论编码员不仅要掌握ICD 10编码的基本原则,而且要掌握丰富医学、临床知识,不断拓宽视野,关注和了解医学发展的最新动态,才能真正将医师所描述的各种肿瘤疾病通过疾病编码体现出来,从而避免或降低误码率。     

脑干听觉诱发电位在小脑桥脑角肿瘤诊断中的意义

目的 :探讨脑干听觉诱发电位 (BAEP)在小脑桥脑角 (CPA)肿瘤诊断中的意义。方法 :对已确诊的 17例CPA肿瘤患者进行BAEP检测 ,并与 5 3例 (10 6耳 )正常对照组进行比较分析。结果 :17例CPA肿瘤患侧BAEP均异常 ,其中Ⅰ～Ⅲ或Ⅰ～Ⅴ峰间期延长是CPA肿瘤患者较特异和敏感的指标 ;16例CPA肿瘤对侧BAEP异常 ,多提示对侧脑干受压移位。结论 :BAEP是早期诊断CPA肿瘤的一种经济、有效和无创性的检测方法。     

The fifth edition of the WHO classification of mature B-cell neoplasms: open questions for research

The fifth edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Haematolymphoid Tumours (WHO-HAEM5) is the product of an evidence-based evolution of the revised fourth edition with wide multidisciplinary consultation. Nonetheless, while every classification incorporates scientific advances and aims to improve upon the prior version, medical knowledge remains incomplete and individual neoplasms may not be easily subclassified in a given scheme. Thus, optimal classification requires ongoing study, and there are certain aspects of some entities and subtypes that require further refinements. In this review, we highlight a selection of these challenging areas to prompt more research investigations. These include (1) a ‘placeholder term’ of splenic B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia with prominent nucleoli (SBLPN) to accommodate many of the splenic lymphomas previously classified as hairy cell leukaemia variant and B-prolymphocytic leukaemia, a clear new start to define their pathobiology; (2) how best to classify BCL2 rearrangement negative follicular lymphoma including those with BCL6 rearrangement, integrating the emerging new knowledge on various germinal centre B-cell subsets; (3) what is the spectrum of non-IG gene partners of MYC translocation in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma/high-grade B-cell lymphoma and how they impact MYC expression and clinical outcome; how best to investigate this in a routine clinical setting; and (4) how best to define high-grade B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified and high-grade B-cell lymphoma with 11q aberrations to distinguish them from their mimics and characterise their molecular pathogenetic mechanism. Addressing these questions would provide more robust evidence to better define these entities/subtypes, improve their diagnosis and/or prognostic stratification, leading to better patient care. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.     

Malignant focal brain lesions. Value of MRS tumour biomarkers in preoperative prediction of grades of malignancy

Purpose

Our aim is to describe the spectrum of proton-MR spectroscopy in malignant focal brain lesions and to detect grade of malignancy using MRS tumor biomarkers.

Materials and methods

87 patients (63 males and 24 females) with focal brain lesion(s) are included in this study. All had a brain tumor recently diagnosed by MRI and had received no previous treatment. They were referred to MRS examination before surgical biopsy and/or resection or radiotherapy.

Results

In malignant brain tumors, average Cho/NAA ratio was 3.3 ± 0.22, Cho/Cr ratio was 2.95 ± 0.21, MI/NAA ratio was 1.5 ± 0.12, MI/Cr was 0.53 ± 0.11 with lower MI levels and higher choline levels in more malignant tumours, lipid/lactate peak was detected in brain metastasis and high grade malignant brain tumors.

Conclusion

Higher Cho/NAA, Cho/Cr and MI/NAA ratios with lower MI/Cr, and high lipid/lactate peak, were most likely to be in high grade malignant brain tumors.