Ginsenoside Rg1 ameliorates blood–brain barrier disruption and traumatic brain injury via attenuating macrophages derived exosomes miR-21 release

During the traumatic brain injury (TBI), improved expression of circulatory miR-21 serves as a diagnostic feature. Low levels of exosome-miR-21 in the brain can effectively improve neuroinflammation and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability, reduce nerve apoptosis, restore neural function and ameliorate TBI. We evaluated the role of macrophage derived exosomes-miR-21 (M-Exos-miR-21) in disrupting BBB, deteriorating TBI, and Rg1 interventions. IL-1β-induced macrophages (IIM)-Exos-miR-21 can activate NF-κB signaling pathway and induce the expressions of MMP-1, -3 and -9 and downregulate the levels of tight junction proteins (TJPs) deteriorating the BBB. Rg1 reduced miR-21-5p content in IIM-Exos (RIIM-Exos). The interaction of NMIIA–HSP90 controlled the release of Exos-miR-21, this interaction was restricted by Rg1. Rg1 could inhibit the Exos-miR-21 release in peripheral blood flow to brain, enhancing TIMP3 protein expression, MMPs proteolysis, and restricting TJPs degradation thus protected the BBB integrity. Conclusively, Rg1 can improve the cerebrovascular endothelial injury and hold the therapeutic potential against TBI disease.     

Commentaries: the Turn of the Scrooge: One Yank's Perspective on Accent Reduction

This study uses a qualitative approach to examine common techniques used by speech-language pathologists (SLPs) to manage fatigue in communication intervention following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Thirteen SLPs from New Zealand hospital and rehabilitation services completed semi-structured interviews in which they discussed their current management strategies. A number of management-related themes recurred throughout the interviews, highlighting the basis of fatigue-management-focused (FMF) communication intervention. The four fatigue-related themes were: intervention structure, client and family strategies, monitoring by both the client and therapist, and lifestyle and daily activities. From these four themes, a model of current SLP practice was developed for clients with TBI. This model will provide the basis for future studies evaluating the effectiveness of FMF communication intervention.