经食管超声心动图引导及评价经心尖的主动脉瓣植入术的实验动物研究

目的 旨在研究通过术中经食管超声心动图引导经心尖的人工主动脉瓣支架瓣膜的植入手术.方法 使用北京美中双和医疗器械公司生产的20 mm的主动脉瓣支架瓣膜通过经食管超声心动图的引导经过心尖部植入到6只30～40 kg的实验猪心脏中.将6只实验猪分为2组:A组3只实验猪,使用经食管二维超声心动图结合X线引导经心尖的主动脉瓣支架瓣膜的植入术;B组3只实验猪,使用经食管三维超声心动图结合X线引导经心尖的主动脉瓣支架瓣膜的植入术.均使用心尖切口,在快速心室起搏的条件下置放瓣膜.结果 所有瓣膜都顺利地置放在实验猪正常的主动脉瓣位上.A组有1个瓣膜发生移位,X线的平均曝光时间是15 min;B组没有瓣膜发生移位,X线的平均曝光时间是10 min.术后均通过活体检查确证支架瓣膜的具体位置,A组检出1例瓣周漏,B组未发现有瓣周漏.结论 经食管实时三维超声心动图能够更加有效地引导经心尖主动脉瓣支架瓣膜的植入手术.     

Development and in vitro characterization of a new artificial flow channel

To date, cardiac valve diseases are considered as a major public health problem and most frequently, the aortic valve is affected. To treat high-risk patients, catheter-based techniques have been developed recently, avoiding open heart surgery and/or cardiopulmonary bypass. Although these sophisticated and rapidly emerging catheter-based technologies do allow a minimally invasive treatment option of high-risk patients on the one hand, further developments and in vitro testing under physiological conditions are necessary, on the other hand, in order to further optimize them for clinical routines. Therefore, we present the concept of a new multifunctional flow channel, offering (i) the possibility of transapical access; (ii) the simulation of physiological flow conditions; and (iii) the evaluation of the fluid flow by 2D particle image velocimetry within a wide range of parameters.     

Transapical minimally invasive aortic valve implantation; the initial 50 patients

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of minimally invasive transapical beating heart aortic valve implantation (TAP-AVI) for high-risk patients with aortic stenosis. METHODS: TAP-AVI was performed via a small anterolateral minithoracotomy in 50 patients from February 2006 to March 2007. A balloon expandable transcatheter xenograft (Edwards SAPIEN THV, Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA, USA) was used. Mean age was 82.4+/-5 years and 39 (78%) were female. Implantation was performed in a hybrid operative theatre using fluoroscopic and echocardiographic visualization. Average EuroSCORE predicted risk for mortality was 27.6+/-12%. Seven (14%) patients were re-operations with patent bypass grafts. RESULTS: TAP-AVI (13 patients 23 mm and 37 patients 26 mm) was successfully performed on the beating heart under temporary rapid ventricular pacing in 47 (94%) patients, and implantation was performed completely off-pump in 34 (68%) patients. Three patients required early conversion; two of them were successfully discharged. There was no prosthesis migration or embolization observed. Echocardiography revealed good hemodynamic function in all and minor incompetence in 23 patients, mostly paravalvular, without any signs of hemolysis. Mortality was due to the overall health condition and non-valve related in all patients. Actuarial survival at 1 month, 6 months and 1 year was 92+/-3.8%, 73.9+/-6.2% and 71.4+/-6.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Transapical minimally invasive aortic valve implantation is feasible using an off-pump technique. Good results have been achieved in the initial 50 patients, especially when considering the overall high-risk profile of these patients.     

Mid-term survival after transcatheter aortic valve implantation: Results with respect to the anesthetic management and to the access route (transfemoral versus transapical)

Context:

Several studies have analyzed the long-term survival after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI). However, no previous studies have looked at survival beyond 1-year with respect to the type of anesthesia.

Aims:

The aim was to evaluate the mid-term survival after TAVI with respect to the type of anesthesia (general anesthesia [GA] vs. local anesthesia ± sedation [LASedation]) or the type of procedure (transfemoral [transfem] vs. transapical TAVI) performed.

Settings and Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Subjects and Methods:

This retrospective study included TAVI''s between January 2009 and June 2013. Patients were divided into three groups: transfem TAVI under GA, transfem TAVI under LASedation and transapical TAVI. A total of 176 patients were eligible. The following clinical outcomes were evaluated: (1) Mortality, (2) Major cardiovascular complications, (3) Conduction abnormalities and arrhythmias, (4) Acute kidney injury, (5) Aortic regurgitation, (6) Neurologic events, (7) Vascular complications, (8) Pulmonary complications, (9) Bleeding, (10) Infectious complications, (11) Delirium.

Statistical Analysis Used:

A Kruskal–Wallis test was performed to test significance between the three groups for quantitative variables. Categorical variables were compared using a Chi-square test. Survival was estimated using Kaplan–Meier method.

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference between the survival of both transfem TAVI''s (P = 0.46). The short-term outcome of the transfem TAVI groups was better than the transapical arm, but their mid-term survival did not show any significant difference (P = 0.69 transapical vs. transfem GA; P = 0.07 transapical vs. transfem LASedation).

Conclusions:

Our results demonstrate that the type of anesthesia and the access route do not influence mid-term survival after TAVI.     

Surgical Transapical Approach for Prosthetic Mitral Paravalvular Leak Closure: Early Results

The objective is to demonstrate safety and early clinical results of surgical transapical closure of paravalvular leaks (PVLs) following mitral valve replacement in significant regurgitation. Between March 2014 and February 2015, 12 patients (mean age 52.1 ± 6.0 years, 66.6% male) with severe symptomatic mitral PVLs (n = 13) underwent surgical transapical closure procedure through left mini‐thoracotomy. All patients were in NYHA functional class III–IV and median logistic EuroSCORE was 24.2 ± 6.4% (range, 13.5–34.6%). Indications were heart failure (n = 10) and symptomatic hemolysis (n = 2) due to severe mitral regurgitation (MR). Amplatzer Vascular Plug‐III devices (n = 9) were used for smaller and regular defects; whereas Atrial Septal Defect closure devices (n = 4) were used for larger defects. Technical success was achieved in 10 (83.3%) patients. One (8.5%) patient with 2 + MR was treated medically. A patient with residual 4 + MR underwent re‐operation. There was no procedure‐related complication including mortality, device migration, embolization, or cardiac laceration. Mean procedure and fluoroscopy times were 166.4 ± 39.5 (range, 90–210) and 25.7 ± 17.3 (range, 16–64) minutes, respectively. The mean intensive care and hospital stays were 2.1 ± 1.3 and 10.3 ± 6.5 days, respectively. Clinical efficacy was achieved in 9 (75%) of 12 patients at early follow‐up of 8.5 ± 2.1 months. NYHA status was class II in two patients, and no hemolytic anemia was diagnosed. Echocardiographic studies revealed a significant reduction of preoperative MR (3–4+) to less than 1+ MR after operations (P < 0.05). Surgical transapical approach to PVL closure is a safe and effective procedure following mitral valve replacement. Early results show that this procedure can be an alternative to re‐operation for high‐risk patients. Further studies are needed to prove its effectiveness in the long term.     

Comparison of left ventricular unloading strategies on venoarterial extracorporeal life support

OBJECTIVESOur goal was to compare the haemodynamic effects of different mechanical left ventricular (LV) unloading strategies and clinical outcomes in patients with refractory cardiogenic shock supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO).Open in a separate windowMETHODSA total of 448 patients supported with VA-ECMO for refractory cardiogenic shock between 1 March 2015 and 31 January 2020 were included and analysed in a single-centre, retrospective case–control study. Fifty-three patients (11.8%) on VA-ECMO required LV unloading. Percutaneous balloon atrial septostomy (PBAS), intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) and transapical LV vent (TALVV) strategies were compared with regards to the composite rate of death, procedure-related complications and neurological complications. The secondary outcomes were reduced pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, left atrial diameter and resolution of pulmonary oedema on a chest X-ray within 48 h.RESULTSNo death related to the LV unloading procedure was detected. Reduction in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was highest with the TALVV technique (17.2 ± 2.1 mmHg; P < 0.001) and was higher in the PBAS than in the IABP group; the difference was significant (9.6 ± 2.5 and 3.9 ± 1.3, respectively; P = 0.001). Reduction in central venous pressure with TALVV was highest with the other procedures (7.4 ± 1.1 mmHg; P < 0.001). However, procedure-related complications were significantly higher with TALVV compared to the PBAS and IABP groups (50% vs 17.6% and 10%, respectively; P = 0.015). We observed no significant differences in mortality or neurological complications between the groups.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that TALVV was the most effective method for LV unloading compared with PBAS and IABP for VA-ECMO support but was associated with complications. Efficient LV unloading may not improve survival.     

经心尖主动脉瓣植入术治疗主动脉瓣疾病的手术配合

目的 探讨经心尖主动脉瓣植入术围手术期护理经验,手术配合方法。方法 回顾性总结我院TAVI团队于2018年6月~2018年12月共完成7例经心尖主动脉瓣植入术的围手术期护理及手术配合经验。结果 所有患者均成功完成手术过程,手术时间110-180min。术后24小时内脱离呼吸机,7-10日出院,除1例需要永久起搏器植入外,其余患者均未见明显并发症。结论 针对需要采用经心尖TAVI手术患者,参加手术的器械护士和巡回护士不仅需掌握各种传统开胸手术器械的性能,熟悉介入耗材型号,患者的术前心理护理及病情观察,还需要参加TAVI团队术前病历讨论,全面了解患者的病变特点及具体手术步骤,针对不同患者术中可能发生的突发事情做好应急预案,以保证手术的顺利进行。     

经心尖主动脉瓣置换术治疗高危单纯无钙化主动脉瓣关闭不全的手术配合

目的探讨国产J-Valve?支架瓣膜行经心尖主动脉瓣置换(TAVR)术治疗高危单纯无钙化主动脉瓣关闭不全的手术配合方法。 方法收集2017年3月至2018年3月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院高危单纯无钙化主动脉瓣关闭不全患者资料,共15例。所有患者均使用国产J-Valve?系统为患者行TAVR术。经过细致的术前评估(包括术前访视、熟悉仪器设备、介入耗材设备等)、术中流畅的手术配合[包括严格遵循无菌原则、术中患者体温保护、X线防护、激活全血凝固时间(ACT)的监测以及支架瓣膜的装配等]和术中安全管理(包括防止输送器移位和动脉置管的护理等)。观测患者术中是否使用心肺转流、发生心室快速起搏、中转行常规体外循环下TAVR术,是否有冠状动脉阻塞、植入瓣膜是否有移位,有无瓣膜内狭窄及瓣周漏等情况发生,观测术后即刻平均主动脉瓣跨瓣压差;患者在ICU是否顺利脱离呼吸机拔除气管插管,术中平均出血量、患者在ICU时间和呼吸机辅助通气时间、射血分数以及是否存在瓣周漏等;了解患者心功能分级、活动耐量以及是否存在胸闷、心绞痛等症状。 结果本研究中所有患者均成功完成TAVR术,未使用心肺转流、未发生心室快速起搏,无中转行常规体外循环下TAVR术,未发生冠状动脉阻塞或植入瓣膜移位,未见瓣膜内狭窄及瓣周漏等情况。术后即刻平均主动脉跨瓣压差为[5.8(4.9,12.9)] mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)。所有患者在ICU均顺利脱离呼吸机拔除气管插管,术中平均出血量为[200.0 (100.0, 500.0)]mL,患者在ICU时间为(1.2±0.4) d,呼吸机辅助通气时间为[19.0 (8.5, 23.5)] h,平均射血分数为(56.2±15.6)%,仅有2例患者存在微量瓣周漏。末次随访中,10例患者心功能Ⅰ级,4例为Ⅱ级,1例为Ⅲ级;患者的活动耐量都较术前明显改善;患者术后胸闷、心绞痛等症状较术前明显改善。 结论手术室护士正确掌握TAVR术的手术配合方法,术前做好患者的心理护理以及各项术前准备,手术过程中与外科医师密切配合,是患者手术成功的保证。     

Novel Resectable Myocardial Model Using Hybrid Three-Dimensional Printing and Silicone Molding for Mock Myectomy for Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

ObjectiveWe implemented a novel resectable myocardial model for mock myectomy using a hybrid method of three-dimensional (3D) printing and silicone molding for patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (ApHCM).Materials and MethodsFrom January 2019 through May 2020, 3D models from three patients with ApHCM were generated using the end-diastolic cardiac CT phase image. After computer-aided designing of measures to prevent structural deformation during silicone injection into molding, 3D printing was performed to reproduce anatomic details and molds for the left ventricular (LV) myocardial mass. We compared the myocardial thickness of each cardiac segment and the LV myocardial mass and cavity volumes between the myocardial model images and cardiac CT images. The surgeon performed mock surgery, and we compared the volume and weight of the resected silicone and myocardium.ResultsDuring the mock surgery, the surgeon could determine an ideal site for the incision and the optimal extent of myocardial resection. The mean differences in the measured myocardial thickness of the model (0.3, 1.0, 6.9, and 7.3 mm in the basal, midventricular, apical segments, and apex, respectively) and volume of the LV myocardial mass and chamber (36.9 mL and 14.8 mL, 2.9 mL and −9.4 mL, and 6.0 mL and −3.0 mL in basal, mid-ventricular and apical segments, respectively) were consistent with cardiac CT. The volume and weight of the resected silicone were similar to those of the resected myocardium (6 mL [6.2 g] of silicone and 5 mL [5.3 g] of the myocardium in patient 2; 12 mL [12.5 g] of silicone and 11.2 mL [11.8 g] of the myocardium in patient 3).ConclusionOur 3D model created using hybrid 3D printing and silicone molding may be useful for determining the extent of surgery and planning surgery guided by a rehearsal platform for ApHCM.