主、被动音乐治疗对慢性精神分裂症疗效分析

目的　观察主、被动音乐治疗对慢性精神分裂症治疗效果。方法　慢性精神分裂症 72例 ,随机分为主、被动音乐治疗组 ,各 3 6例 ,观察 8周。以 BPRS、SANS量表评定疗效。结果　两组患者 BPRS、SANS量表评分差异均有显著性意义。结论　对慢性精神分裂症的康复治疗主动性音乐治疗优于被动性音乐治疗。     

Persistence of free HBV DNA in body secretions and liver despite loss of serum HBV DNA after interferon-induced seroconversion

Following interferon therapy, a chronic hepatitis B (HBV) carrier lost all serum markers of active viral replication and became anti-HBe positive but remained positive for free and replicative HBV-DNA in semen, saliva, urine, and liver four months later. At 12 months, when he also developed anti-HBs, urine and saliva analysed for free HBV-DNA were positive. Despite histological remission and loss of HBV-DNA from serum, the potential for transmission of HBV and reactivation of disease remain.     

Two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy of urinary glycosaminoglycans from patients with different mucopolysaccharidoses

Patients with different types of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) lack specific lysosomal enzymes, which leads to tissue accumulation and urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Since little is known about the molecular composition of the excreted GAG fragments, we used two-dimensional [1H,13C]-correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for a detailed analysis of the urinary GAGs of patients with MPS types I, II, IIIA, IVA and VI. The method revealed that the molecular structures of the excreted GAGs, i.e. heparan sulfate (HS), dermatan sulfate (DS), chondroitin sulfate (CS), and keratan sulfate (KS) are clearly distinct for the different MPS types. The chain terminal residues that are the normal substrates for the defective enzymes constitute characteristic sets of signals for each MPS type. The GAG chains show variations in carbohydrate composition and sulfation patterns that can be related to the different MPS types and clinical features. For example, two patients with MPS IIIA (M. Sanfilippo) with signs of CNS degeneration but only mild somatic features excrete a highly sulfated variant of HS, resembling HS in porcine brain, whereas a patient with MPS I (M. Scheie) and two patients with MPS II (M. Hunter), who present primarily with coarse facial features, joint contractures and skeletal deformities excrete a different type of HS with lower sulfation. In another case study, a patient with MPS IVA (M. Morquio), who presented mainly with skeletal dysplasia, excreted not only excessive amounts of KS but also a highly sulfated CS variant, resembling CS in articular cartilage. The high-resolution NMR analysis of urinary GAGs presented here for the first time provides a solid basis for future studies with a larger number of patients to further explore pathogenesis and course of the MPS diseases.     

改进后的尿MHPG·SO_4荧光测定法——介绍一种测定心理社会应激因素对个体影响的生化方法

尿MHPG·SO_4荧光测定法引进后经过改进,分离柱体积由13.6cm~3减少为3.25cm~3,回收率由65%提高到95%,并经正交法优化了试验条件,成为简易可靠的测试方法。     

Dependency of renal potassium excretion on Na,K-ATPase transport rate

Potassium secretion may depend on the transport rate of Na, K-ATPase in basolateral cell membranes of distal tubular cells. To examine this hypothesis experiments were performed in anaesthetized dogs during inhibition of proximal potassium reabsorption by acetazolamide or mannitol (fractional potassium excretion 1.2-1.4) or additional stimulation of potassium secretion by ethacrynic acid (fractional potassium excretion 2.1). Ouabain in a dose which inhibits 70–80% of the Na, K-ATPase activity reduced fractional potassium excretion to 0.8-0.9 by an effect on distal tubular secretion since potassium transport in the proximal tubules was not affected. Ouabain-sensitive potassium excretion varied in proportion to ouabain-sensitive sodium reabsorption during variation in glomerular nitration rate, even at urinary sodium concentrations exceeding 80 mmol 1^-1. In experiments without ouabain, saline infusion raised potassium excretion and sodium reabsorption until maximal Na, K-ATPase transport rate was reached, as judged from heat production measurements, but not during further increments in urine flow. After inhibition of Na, K-ATPase activity by hypokalaemia, potassium excretion and cortical heat production remained constant over a wide range of urine flow and sodium excretion. We conclude that potassium secretion is dependent on intact Na, K-ATPase activity and is stimulated by sodium delivery to the distal nephron until maximal transport rate of the enzyme is reached.     

Determination of cortisol and cortisone in urine using high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection

The application of reversed-phase gradient high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection to the determination of cortisol and cortisone in 24-h urine samples is described. The method employs Sep-pak C18 cartridges for the part-purification and concentration of the corticosteroids, with sample enrichment at the head of an HPLC pre-column and separation using water/acetonitrile gradient. The internal standard is 6alpha-methylprednisolone. Measurement of both cortisone and cortisol provides further information on adrenocortical function. 24-hour excretion rate data from normal subjects are reported.     

A method for studying inhibitory activity in whole urine

Summary A method has been developed for inducing and quantifying calcium oxalate crystallisation in whole human urine. The propensity of a given urine to induce crystal formation was described in two ways: 1) its ability to resist spontaneous nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals was assessed by titrating 20 mls of the urine with increasing quantities of sodium oxalate (0–150 mol) to determine its practical metastable limit. This limit was inversely related to the endogenous calcium concentration. 2) its capacity to inhibit crystal growth was quantified by determining the rate of growth of calcium oxalate crystals precipitated in response to a fixed oxalate load (30 mol) above its metastable limit. The crystals produced were predominantly calcium oxalate dihydrate and were morphologically identical to those occurring naturally in urine. Citrate had no effect on the metastable limits of 3 urines examined, but markedly inhibited crystal growth. Pyrophosphate had a similar effect on crystal growth, and in addition, raised the metastable limit of one of the urine samples.     

Equol and other compounds from bovine urine as monoamine oxidase inhibitors

Summary Equol, its methylated derivative, and a carbazole, all isolated from bovine urine, are relatively potent inhibitors of monoamine oxidase with IC₅₀ values of 158, 28, and 16M respectively (using 83M tyramine as substrate). The probable dietary origin of these compounds suggests that natural monoamine oxidase inhibitors may be more widespread than had previously been suspected.     

Increased metabolism to dihydrodigoxin after intake of a microencapsulated formulation of digoxin

Summary A capsule preparation containing small, enteric-coated granules of digoxin was developed to prevent acid hydrolysis of the drug in the stomach and to diminish the variation in plasma glycoside concentration during the intervals between doses. The absorption and metabolism of tritiated digoxin after a single oral loading dose of this formulation (Formulation C) were compared to those after ingestion of a digoxin solution (Formulation S) by 8 healthy men. Drug concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) and liquid chromatography (LC). The percentage of the digoxin dose excreted in the urine during 72 h, as measured by RIA, was significantly lower after the capsule (20.5±2.0% vs 36.2±3.0% after S, mean±SEM) but total urinary radioactivity after the two treatments was similar (C 35.3±5.2 and S 41.2±2.6%; p>0.05). The discrepancy was mainly due to significantly greater excretion of dihydrodigoxin after the capsule ( 12.8%, range 0–28.6% of the dose) than after the digoxin solution ( 5.4%, range 0–14.5%). Dihydrodigoxin was not measured by the RIA. The recovery of hydrolysis metabolites (LC) was greater during the first 24 h after S (2.3±0.6% vs 0.9±0.3% after C; p<0.05). The peak plasma concentration of digoxin (RIA) was significantly reduced and delayed after intake of C (2.5±0.4 nmol/l at 3.8±0.3 h vs. 8.3±0.8 nmol/l at 0.9±0.1 h after S), and so was the shortening of electromechanical systole at 1.5 h, 2.5 h, and 3 h. Thus, the enteric-coated digoxin preparation delayed the absorption and reduced the hydrolysis of the glycoside, but it also carried the drawback of reducing digoxin availability, mainly because of increased metabolism to dihydrodigoxin.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic study of the combination of furosemide retard and triamterene

Summary The pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of the combination of furosemide retard (30 mg)/triamterene (50 mg) were compared with furosemide (30 mg) in 18 healthy male volunteers aged 39.3±6.3 years. After the administration of furosemide the onset of its effect was very rapid, reaching a maximum between 1.5 to 3 h, and followed by rebound after 9 to 10.5 h. In contrast the combination furosemide retard/triamterene showed a protracted course with a duration of effect up to 12 h. The general effect over 12 h of the two preparations was equivalent with respect to the excretion of urine, sodium, chloride and calcium, but the combination caused significantly less excretion of potassium (p0.05) than furosemide. After a lag-phase of 33.9±5.4 min the maximum plasma concentration of furosemide was reached after 3.47±0.66 h, and the elimination half-life was approximately 2 h. After a lag-phase of 33.0±17.8 min the maximum plasma concentration of the main metabolite of triamterene, the OH-TA sulphuric acid ester, was reached after 1.7±0.59 h, and its elimination half-life amounted to 1.25±0.37 h. Because of the sustained release of furosemide from the retard-formulation, its principal pharmacokinetic parameters were better adapted to those of triamterene. The consequences were not only a protracted effect but also an improved electrolyte profile, especially with regard to reduced loss of potassium. In the case of renal insufficiency, however, the potassium level in serum might be increased to an undesirable extent.