A simple dual pressure-ejection system and calibration method for brief local applications of drugs and modified salines

We report a minimal method for dual pressure ejection through a single micropipette, which uses standard theta-type glass tubing and a connection through thinned polythene catheters without any sealing. We also describe a simple calibration method using a standard electrometer. The linearity of the ejected volume with respect to pulse duration and to applied pressure was maintained, as measured by the resistivity of ultrapure water after ejection of a saline solution. The method was used to analyse the inhibitory effect of glutamate on crayfish motoneurones with local and reversible applications of low-chloride saline and picrotoxin.     

扶正健脾汤配合环磷酰胺对荷瘤小鼠的实验研究

用环磷酰胺对荷瘤小鼠进行化疗同时配合扶正健脾汤进行治疗的疗效观察,证明扶正健脾汤具有减轻环磷酰胺的副作用,其表现为实验组小鼠的胸腺系数增大;脾内 IgG、IgM 阳性抗体形成细胞增多;肝内巨噬细胞的吞噬功能加强。提示扶正健脾汤具有拮抗环磷酰胺对骨髓、胸腺和脾脏的免疫抑制作用,为该方剂治疗肿瘤的临床应用提供实验依据。     

补体对免疫沉淀的抑制作用与小儿肾脏疾病的关系

以辣根过氧化物酶（PO）和抗-PO作为免疫沉淀中的抗原和抗体，用光电比色法，对78例小儿肾脏疾病血清补体对免疫沉淀的抑制作用（IIPC）进行了研究，并同时检测补体成分C3、C4。结果，正常对照IIPCOD值为0．505±0．085，急性肾小球肾炎（0．137±0．108）显著降低（P＜0．001）；慢性肾小球肾炎（0．470±0．053）改变不明显（P＞0．05）；肾病综合征（0．401±0．038）明显低下（P＜0．05）。IIPC低下的发生率依次为急性肾小球肾炎（83％）、肾病综合征（43％）、慢性肾小球肾炎（32％）。表明小儿肾小球疾病时IIPC大多降低并与疾病的活动性有关。因此认为IIPC低下在肾脏病的发生和发展中起一定作用。     

Differential effects of luminol,nickel, and arsenite on the rejoining of ultraviolet light and alkylation-induced DNA breaks

When Chinese hamster ovary cells were treated with ultraviolet (UV) light or methyl methanesulfonate (MMS), a large number of DNA strand breaks could be detected by alkaline elution. These strand breaks gradually disappeared if the treated cells were allowed to recover in a drug-free medium. The presence of nickel or arsenite during the recovery incubation retarded the disappearance of UV-induced strand breaks, whereas the disappearance of MMS-induced strand breaks was retarded by the presence of arsenite or of luminol, a new inhibitor for poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase. Luminol, however, had no apparent effect on the repair of UV-induced DNA strand breaks, and nickel had no effect on the repair of MMS-induced DNA strand breaks. When UV- or MMS-treated cells were incubated in cytosine arabinofuranoside (AraC) plus hydroxyurea (HU), a large amount of low molecular weight DNA was detected by alkaline sucrose sedimentation. The molecular weight of these DNAs increased if the cells were further incubated in a drug-free medium. This rejoining of breaks in cells pretreated with UV plus AraC and HU was inhibited by nickel and by arsenite, but not by luminol. The rejoining of breaks in cells pretreated with MMS plus AraC and HU was inhibited by luminol and by arsenite, but not by nickel. These results suggest that different enzymes may be used in DNA resynthesis and/or ligation during the repairing of UV- and MMS-induced DNA strand breaks, and that nickel, luminol, and arsenite may have differential inhibitory effects on these enzymes. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Aldose reductase inhibition with imirestat — effects on impulse conduction and insulin-stimulation of Na+/K+-adenosine triphosphatase activity in sciatic nerves of streptozotocin-diabetic rats

Summary This study describes reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and increased resistance to hypoxia-induced conduction failure in sciatic nerves of rats after four weeks of streptozotocin-induced diabetes (both effects were significant at p <0.05). These changes occurred in the absence of any deficit in the steady-state ouabain-sensitive adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity of sciatic nerve endoneurial homogenates. The addition of 10 nmol/l insulin to endoneurial homogenates from control animals resulted in a 34% increase in ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity and a 19% reduction in ouabain-insensitive ATPase activity (both p <0.01). This stimulation of ouabain-sensitive ATPase activity by insulin did not occur in homogenates from diabetic rats. Treating diabetic rats daily with the aldose reductase inhibitor, imirestat (1 mg/kg) improved nerve conduction velocity (p <0.05) but was without effect upon the resistance to hypoxic conduction blockade or the deficit in insulin-stimulated oubain-sensitive ATPase activity. These data suggest that in streptozotocin-diabetic rats the functional disorders of reduced motor nerve conduction velocity and increased resistance to hypoxic conduction blockade do not share a common aetiology and that impaired nerve conduction is not related to reduced maximal potential oubain-sensitive ATPase activity.     

地塞米松缓释微粒在增生性玻璃体视网膜病变的应用

目的：观察含地塞米松（DEX）的缓释微粒治疗增生性玻璃体视网膜病变（PVR）的临床疗效。方法：9例（9只眼）视网膜脱离伴PVR患者进行常规玻璃体视网膜手术，并在玻璃体腔内植入1粒DEX微粒（含地塞米松1mg），观察术后反应及视力、PVR发展、DEX的位置及形状变化等。结果：术后炎症反应轻，7只眼视网膜复位，3只眼后极部视网膜前有增生；2只眼视网膜局限性脱离，最终3只眼玻璃腔内硅油填充。随访视力有8只眼较术前提高（P=0.015）。DEX未见对视网膜有不良影响，仅在随着处有少量色素吸附，4-6月后吸收。结论：DEX抑制PVR术后炎症反应及较远期作用是安全、有效的；对手术未完全清除的视网膜前增生有一定的抑制作用。     

Dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system in type 1 patients with diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Albuminuria and hypertension are predictors of poor renal and cardiovascular outcome in patients with diabetes. Approximately 30% of type 1 patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) have albuminuria >1 g/day, and blood pressure >135 and/or >85 mmHg despite antihypertensive therapy with recommended doses of ACE inhibitor (ACEI) and diuretics. We tested the effect of dual blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in these patients. METHODS: We performed a randomised double blind crossover trial with 2 months treatment with Irbesartan 300 mg o.d. and placebo added on top of previous antihypertensive treatment. We included 21 type 1 patients with DN responding insufficiently to ACEI and diuretics, as defined above. At the end of each treatment period, albuminuria, 24-h blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were measured. RESULTS: Addition of 300 mg Irbesartan to the patients' usual antihypertensive therapy induced a mean reduction in albuminuria of 37% (95% CI 20-49, P<0.001); from 1574 mg/24 h (95% CI 1162-2132) to 996 mg/24 h (95% CI 699-1419), a reduction in 24-h blood pressure of 8 mmHg systolic (95% CI -2 to 18) and 5 mmHg diastolic (95% CI 1-9) (P=0.11 and 0.01, respectively) (from placebo, mean (SE) 146 (4)/80 (2) mmHg). GFR remained unchanged. Serum potassium increased (mean 4.3 to 4.6 mmol/l, P=0.02). Intervention to reduce serum potassium was needed in two patients with GFR <35 ml/min/1.73 m(2). Otherwise the dual blockade with Irbesartan was safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Dual blockade of the RAS may offer additional renal and cardiovascular protection in type 1 patients with DN responding insufficiently to conventional antihypertensive therapy, including recommended doses of ACEI and diuretics.     

恶性和非恶性肿瘤患者正常组织细胞DNA含量参数的对比研究

目的 :探讨恶性和非恶性肿瘤患者正常组织细胞生物学特性的区别。　方法 :用流式细胞术对 2 37例恶性肿瘤患者和 148例非恶性肿瘤患者正常组织细胞的DNA含量进行了检测 ,并对二者的DNA指数 (DI)、DNA倍体类型、细胞程序性死亡水平 (Apo)和增殖活性 (SPF)做了对比分析。　结果 :2 37例恶性肿瘤患者正常组织的DI值为1.0 8± 0 .2 3,DNA异倍体检出率为 18.99% ;148例非恶性肿瘤患者正常组织的DI值为 1.0 0± 0 ,DNA倍体类型均为二倍体。恶性肿瘤患者正常组织的Apo和SPF均显著高于非恶性肿瘤患者正常组织 (P <0 .0 5 )。即使剔除DNA异倍体病例 ,其Apo和SPF仍显著高于非恶性肿瘤患者的正常组织 (P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)。　结论 :恶性肿瘤患者癌旁远处组织DNA二倍体细胞的Apo和SPF显著高于非恶性肿瘤正常组织 ,不能真正代表正常组织细胞的生物学特性     

Local circuit neurons of macaque monkey striate cortex: I. Neurons of laminae 4C and 5A

A study has been made, using Golgi preparations, of the organization of neurons with smooth or sparsely spined dendrites, here called local circuit neurons, of the macaque monkey primary visual cortex. Since these neurons include those responsible for inhibitory circuitry of the cortex, a better understanding of their anatomical organization is essential to concepts of functional organization of the region. This account describes those neurons found with cell body and major dendritic spread within the thalamic recipient zone of lamina 4C and its border zone with lamina 5A. The neurons are grouped firstly in terms of in which laminar division the soma occurred--4C beta, 4C alpha or the border zone of 5A-4C beta--and secondly, into varieties on the basis of the interlaminar projection patterns of their axons. Most, if not all, of the local circuit neurons of these divisions have interlaminar axon projections as well as an arbor local to their cell body and dendritic field. These interlaminar projections are highly specific, targeting from one to five laminar divisions depending on the variety of neuron; on this basis 17 varieties of local circuit neuron are described. While the number of varieties appears dauntingly large in terms of understanding the functional circuitry of the region, the clear-cut organization of the interlaminar links may provide clues as to the information processing that concerns each neuron. The local circuit neuron axon projections can be related to a wealth of information already available concerning the laminar organization of afferent axons and efferent cell groups, the organization of spiny neuron intrinsic relays (presumed to be excitatory), and physiological properties of different laminar divisions. It is hoped that the information derived from this study can serve as a guide for correlated physiological-anatomical studies on single cells of the region.