The Lewis blood group--a new genetic marker of ischaemic heart disease.

In a cohort of 3383 men aged 53 to 74 in the Copenhagen Male Study we investigated the association between ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and the Lewis blood group, assigned to chromosome 19. Among men with the Le(a-b-) phenotype, 8% had a history of non-fatal myocardial infarction, among others the frequency was 4%. The corresponding odds ratio was (95% confidence interval: CI) 1.9 (1.2-3.0) P < 0.01, men with Le(a-b-) had a risk-factor profile and pattern of disease resembling that of Reaven's syndrome X. In a subsequent prospective study 343 men with arteriosclerotic stigmas were excluded. The men had their morbidity and mortality recorded over the next 4 years. One-hundred-and-one men suffered IHD; 26 dying from IHD. In total 162 men died. Men with Le(a-b-) had an increased risk of death from IHD compared with others. Adjusted for age, relative risk (RR) (95% CI) was: 4.4 (1.9-10.3), P < 0.001, and for all causes of mortality: RR = 1.6 (1.0-2.6), P < 0.05. Men with the Le(a-b-) phenotype had an increased risk of an IHD event compared to men with other phenotypes (RR = 1.6 (0.9-2.8), P = 0.10) and a significantly higher IHD case fatality rate (RR = 2.8 (1.5-5.2), P = 0.01). The finding that the Le(a-b-) phenotype is a genetic marker of IHD risk may have implications in terms of prevention. The Le(a-b-) phenotype may also contribute to providing an explanation for the substantial ethnic differences found in the incidence of IHD. The similar risk-factor profile and pattern of disease found between Le(a-b-) men and individuals with Reaven's syndrome X is hypothesized to be due to a close genetic relationship on chromosome 19.     

Renal vascular resistance in normal children – a color Doppler study

To investigate the relationship between age and renal vascular resistance and to establish nomative data of the systolic/diastolic ratio (S/D ratio), pulsatility index (PI), and resistant index (RI) of the renal artery in the normal pediatric population, we studied 252 normal children aged newborn to 13 years (a total of 449 kidneys) with a color Doppler unit. After the normality of the kidney was established, color flow mapping was performed to localize the segmental portion of the renal artery. Flow velocity waveforms were then obtained by pulsed Doppler, and S/D ratio, PI, and RI were calculated. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the age dependence of the S/D ratio, PI, and RI of the renal artery in normal children. Renal vascular resistance continuously declines after birth and stabilizes at the age of 102 – 130 months. Normative data for S/D ratio, PI, and RI of the renal artery in normal children were established for each age group. Since renal vascular resistance decreases with age and stabilizes at 8 – 10 years, we suggest using different normal ranges for each age group when studying renal vascular resistance in pediatric patients. Received October 5, 1995; received in revised form and accepted April 24, 1996     

Molecular oncogene markers and their significance in cutaneous malignant melanoma

Background: Oncogenes and other molecular tumor markers that predict tumor aggressiveness may allow individualization and optimization of surgical therapy of intermediate-thickness malignant melanoma. We examined the expression of selected markers, including the HLA-DR antigen, the heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70), and the c-myc oncogene in primary melanoma and regional nodes and related these findings to metastatic potential and survival. Methods: Forty patients with primary melanoma (1.5–4.0 mm) were studied, all of whom had prophylactic lymph node dissection and were followed for 18 months to 7 years. The primary tissue and nodes were examined using immunohistochemical techniques for the presence of HLA-DR antigen and HSP-70 protein and the expression of the c-myc oncogene. Results: Of 40 patients, there were 23 with lesions 1 to 2.9 mm thick and 17 with lesions 3 to 4 mm thick. Nodal metastases were present in 25 of the 40 patients who had elective node dissection. HLA-DR antibody stained the primary tumor in 10 patients (25%), but there was no correlation with survival in this group. HLA-DR antibody stained the stroma and cellular infiltrates surrounding the primary tumor in 28 of 40 patients; in this group there was a correlation of HLA-DR staining of the peritumoral stroma with improved survival overall. HLA-DR staining of the peritumoral stroma also influenced survival when patients were stratified by tumor thickness groups 1 to 2.9 mm and 3 to 4 mm and presence of nodal metastases. HSP-70 was demonstrated in the primary tumor in 25% of patients, who were also shown to have significantly improved survival when compared with those whose primary tumor did not stain with HSP-70. C-myc was expressed in the primary tumor in 25%, but showed no correlation with survival. None of these proteins correlated with or predicted the presence of nodal metastases. Conclusion: We conclude that the use of specific molecular-oncogene markers in intermediate-thickness primary melanoma may identify patients at high risk for conventional treatment failure and reduced survival who may profit from more aggressive surgery, adjuvant therapy, or both.Presented at the 48th Annual Cancer Symposium of The Society of Surgical Oncology, Boston, Massachusetts, March 23–26, 1995.     

胫骨延长后骨痂直径与新生骨预后关系的临床分析

目的探讨胫骨延长后骨痂直径与新生骨预后的关系.方法 1996年1月～2001年12月,对68例胫骨延长者测量达所需延长长度时的骨痂直径,计算骨痂直径率(callus diameter ratios,CDR);统计拆除外固定架后2～4周时新生骨发生骨折例数及畸形角度,比较骨折和成角畸形与CDR的关系.结果拆除外固定架前胫骨前屈角度5度以上畸形19例,其中11例发生骨折;拆除外固定架后胫骨出现5度以上畸形6例,其中2例骨折;其余43例胫骨延长骨痂正常愈合.计算CDR值:CDR值小于80% 23例,其中发生新生骨骨折13例,成角畸形5度以上者21例;CDR在81%～85%之间6例,成角畸形5度以上4例;CDR值超过86% 39例,无畸形或新生骨骨折.结论胫骨延长时CDR小于80%时,容易发生新生骨骨折和畸形;CDR大于85%时,无新生骨骨折和畸形发生;两组间具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).CDR是判断骨痂能否正常愈合较为理想的检测指标.     

Assessment of long-term quality of life after laparoscopic and open surgery for Crohn''s disease

OBJECTIVE: Surgery for Crohn's disease (CD) is associated with a high recurrence rate and quality of life (QOL) in these patients is controversial. The aim of this study was to assess QOL in patients after laparoscopic and open surgery for CD by two different validated instruments, a generic nonspecific score and a specific gastrointestinal QOL index. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with CD who underwent elective laparoscopic or open ileocaecal resection with primary anastomosis between 1992 and 2000 were followed for recurrence and surgery-related complications. QOL was assessed by the SF-36 Health Survey containing a mental (MCS) and a physical (PCS) component summary score and by the Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (GIQLI) developed by Eypasch. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients with a mean age of 48.8 +/- 18.4 years including 23 females and 14 males were evaluated at a mean follow-up of 42.6 +/-25.8 months (minimum of 8 months). Twenty-one (57%) patients underwent laparoscopic resection and 16 (43%) open surgery. Both groups were well matched for age, gender, ASA class and body mass index. Fourteen (38%) patients developed recurrent disease and 3 (8%) had postoperative incisional hernias. Overall, QOL scores were 103 +/- 26.8 for the GIQLI, 47.2 +/- 11.8 for the PCS, and 49.2 +/- 11.5 for the MCS. The GIQLI correlated well with the SF36, correlation coefficient = 0.68 for GIQLI vs PCS (95% CI, 0.41,0.95) and 0.67 for GIQLI vs MCS (95%CI, 0.39, 0.95), respectively. When compared to the general US population, mean GIQLI scores (-13.8, P = 0.002) and mean PCS scores (-4.7, P = 0.001) were significantly lower in these patients than in healthy individuals. In a multivariate analysis of impact factors on QOL, recurrence within the follow-up period was the single significant determinant reducing the PCS (-35.1, P = 0.026) and the GIQLI (-36.1, P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: QOL is significantly reduced in patients with CD at long-term follow-up after both laparoscopic and open surgery. Recurrence is the only factor adversely affecting QOL of CD patients in remission irrespective of the operative technique applied.     

Early assessment of renal resistance index after kidney transplant can help predict long-term renal function.

BACKGROUND: Color Doppler ultrasonography of intrarenal arterial resistance index (RI), performed early after kidney transplant, has proven to reliably predict short-term allograft function. The aim of this study was to assess whether it could also predict long-term renal function. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 76 kidney transplant patients who underwent RI assessment within 1 month after the transplant, subdivided into two groups according to RI values, lower (group A) or higher (group B) than its median value (0.635). RESULTS: Compared with group A subjects, the patients of group B were older at the time of transplant (42 +/- 9 vs 35 +/- 8 years; P = 0.001), the donor age was also older (41 +/- 16 vs 33 +/- 13 years; P = 0.02) and had a slightly higher proteinuria (0.54 +/- 0.5 vs 0.32 +/- 0.2 g/24 h; P = 0.02). Serum creatinine, ciclosporin or tacrolimus trough level, arterial blood pressure, number of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatches, anti-hypertensive medications and incidence of delayed graft function were not significantly different between the two groups. By univariate analysis, RI turned out to directly correlate with the recipient age, donor age and daily proteinuria (P = 0.007, P = 0.0007 and P = 0.02, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that only donor and recipient age maintained their independent predictive value on RI. Kaplan-Meier analysis, considering a serum creatinine increase >50% as the endpoint of the study, showed a statistically significant different graft survival in the two groups (log-rank test = 5.489; P = 0.01). The univariate relative risk of deterioration of graft function among patients with higher RI was 3.77. Proteinuria and recipient age increased the risk as well. CONCLUSIONS: Our data seem to suggest that early determination of RI can help predict long-term graft function in kidney transplant recipients.     

非霍奇金淋巴瘤85例临床及预后分析

目的：分析多种因素对非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)预后的影响。方法：通过SABC法进行免疫分型，采用Kaplan—Meier法分析患者治疗后的生存期，采用Cox比例风险模型分析影响预后的因素。结果：B细胞来源-NHL(B-NHL)发病率为63．3％。T细胞来源-NHL(T—NHL)为36．7％；低度恶性占17．6％，中、高度恶性占74．1％。1、2、3、5年生存率：低度恶性患者为92．1％、84．5％、65．1％、45．1％；中、高度恶性患者为84．9％、67．5％、47．6％、28．4％。I、Ⅱ期患者为98．8％、91.5％、87．5％、70．3％；Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期患者为62．1％、55．5％、40．1％、23．8％。T—NHL为70．8％、53．5％、47．7％、30．2％；B-NHL为82．1％、70．5％、61．1％、50．1％。结论：年龄、乳酸脱氢酶水平、恶性程度、临床分期、免疫分型、身体状况评分(PS)是影响NHL预后的重要因素。     

寡克隆区带及IgG指数在多发性硬化中的临床意义

目的研究寡克隆区带（OCB）和IgG指数在多发性硬化（MS）中的临床意义。方法收集MS患者54例和其他神经系统疾病（OND）患者271例,包括中枢神经系统感染性疾病62例及非感染性疾病209例的脑脊液和血清标本,分别进行OCB检测（聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳）和IgG指数的计算（免疫火箭电泳法）。结果MS组OCB阳性率为35.2%;OND组为8.9%,其中感染组为24.2%,非感染组为4.5%。MS与OND组整体比较OCB阳性率有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,但与感染组相比无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。MS组IgG指数阳性率为83.3%,OND组为78.2%（P〉0.05）。结论OCB对MS有一定的辅助诊断价值,但需除外CNS感染性疾病。IgG指数阳性可作为参考。     

不同分级肝硬化患者血清甲状腺素水平的意义

目的探讨肝硬化患者血清中甲状腺素水平的变化与肝硬化病变程度及其临床实验室检查之间的相关性。方法用放免法测定肝硬化患者血清FT3、FT4、PC-Ⅲ、Ⅳ-C、LN及HA，并按Child—Pugh方法将肝功能分为A、B、C三级。结果随着肝硬化病变程度的加重，血清肝纤维化指标逐渐增高，甲状腺素呈下降趋势，同时血清甲状腺素水平与肝硬化的低蛋白血症、腹水及凝血酶原时间密切相关。结论肝硬化患者体内存在不同程度的甲状腺素水平紊乱，紊乱程度与肝功能受损程度有明显相关性，联合检测血清FT3、FT4、PC-Ⅲ、Ⅳ—C、LN及HA对估计肝硬化病变程度及判断预后有十分重要的临床价值。     

脑电双频指数指导老年病人异丙酚麻醉诱导用量

[目的]通过监测老年病人麻醉诱导时脑电双频指数(BIS)的变化,探讨既能维持足够麻醉深度又能避免严重低血压的异丙酚诱导用量。[方法]40例ASA II～I级的老年病人(65～85岁),随机分成两组。A组静脉注射异丙酚1.6 mg/kg;B组静脉注射异丙酚,其用量是使BIS下降到40～50时的用量。两组均复合维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg和瑞芬太尼1ug/kg诱导后行气管插管分别记录基础值、插管前、插管后1 min、5 min和10 min时的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR),同时记录诱导异丙酚用药量和BIS的变化。[结果]A组异丙酚诱导用药量(99.7±18.05)mg,平均(1.64±0.7)mg/kg,B组(82.9±12.5)mg,平均(1.35±0.5)mg/kg,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。A组血压(BP)和BIS比B组明显降低。[结论]老年病人异丙酚麻醉诱导的合适用量为(1.35±0.5)mg/kg;既能维持老年人足够的麻醉深度又能避免严重低血压的发生。