结核菌素皮肤试验的应用及其优化

中国是结核病和结核分枝杆菌感染高负担国家,针对感染和发病的高危人群开展预防干预是结核病防控工作的重要内容。结核菌素皮肤试验作为一种成熟的结核分枝杆菌感染的免疫学检测方法,尽管其结果受卡介苗接种、环境非结核分枝杆菌感染、宿主免疫状态等多种因素的影响,但在高危人群筛查、结核病辅助诊断、重点人群监测等工作中发挥着重要作用。结合中国国情及结核分枝杆菌感染的流行特征,通过优化应用策略可以在有效控制影响因素的基础上发挥结核菌素皮肤试验作为感染筛查手段的优势;同时,在科学数据支撑下,针对不同目标人群细化应用和结果解读也将为其更好地服务中国结核病防控工作提供质量保证。     

COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭患者院内肺部真菌感染30例临床分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)合并慢性呼吸衰竭患者院内肺部真菌感染的危险因素、临床特点及防治对策。方法回顾性分析我院收治30例COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭继发肺部真菌感染患者的临床资料,并与同期30例无院内真菌感染的COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭患者对比分析。结果COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭患者肺部真菌感染除与患者年龄、并发症有关外,还与长期住院、广谱抗生素和糖皮质激素的应用、各种侵入性操作等有密切关系,临床表现无特异性。结论合理使用抗生素和糖皮质激素,减少不必要的侵入性操作,尽快脱机,加强全身营养支持,警惕真菌感染,及早治疗,可以有效防治COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭患者发生肺部真菌感染,改善其预后。     

Loop Ileostomy Closure at an Ambulatory Surgery Facility

INTRODUCTION: Temporary loop ileostomies have become widely used in colorectal surgery. Subsequent ileostomy closure has traditionally required hospital admission with observation until return of bowel function. On the basis of clinical observation, the authors hypothesized that loop ileostomy closure may be performed safely without prolonged in-hospital observation. METHODS: A protocol for 23-hour observation after loop ileostomy closure was implemented at a single institution and applied to 28 patients at an ambulatory surgery facility. Patient outcomes were reviewed and results compared with a cohort of 30 patients undergoing loop ileostomy closure before introduction of the protocol. RESULTS: The study and control groups were statistically similar in age, gender, diseases, and duration after original operation. Twenty-eight patients underwent loop ileostomy closure, and all were discharged the following day. Two patients were admitted for nausea and vomiting within 48 hours after closure and remained in the hospital for two and four days, respectively. One of these patients was readmitted 12 days after surgery with an abdominal abscess that was drained percutaneously. The mean cost per patient in the study group was $2,665. For the control population, the mean hospital stay was 2.9 days. Return of bowel function was delayed in two patients, resulting in prolonged hospital stays of six and eight days, respectively. Two patients were readmitted after discharge for nausea and vomiting. The mean cost per cohort patient was $3,811. CONCLUSIONS: Patients undergoing loop ileostomy closure may be discharged safely after overnight observation without increased complications or hospital readmissions. This practice significantly reduces the use of hospital resources and decreases economic cost without compromising care.     

结直肠癌造口术后患者社会心理适应现状及影响因素分析

目的：调查结直肠癌造口术后患者的社会心理适应现状,并探讨其影响因素,为结直肠癌造口术后患者造口护理干预提供依据。方法：采用造口患者社会心理适应量表和自制的一般资料问卷对200例直肠癌造口术后患者进行调查,并对其进行有序逻辑回归分析。结果：造口患者的社会心理适应得分为42.46±12.99(11.00-79.00),处于中等水平,有序逻辑回归分析结果显示,工作情况、造口护理和造口类型是其危险因素。相对于无业的患者,在工作的患者其社会心理适应得分较低[OR = 2.61, 95%CI: 1.12 ~6.11; p =0.03];大部分时候依赖他人进行造口护理其社会心理适应得分越低[OR = 2.29, 95%CI: 1.21 ~4.35; p =0.01];回肠造口患者的社会心理适应得分低于结肠造口患者[OR = 2.03, 95%CI: 1.03 ~4.06; p =0.04]。结论：直肠癌造口术后患者的社会心理适应水平处于中等水平;工作情况、造口类型和造口自我护理是影响患者社会心理适应水平的重要危险因素,亦是直肠癌造口患者干预的重要方向。     

妊娠心脏病孕妇不良妊娠结局影响因素分析

目的调查妊娠心脏病孕妇不良妊娠结局的相关因素,以便采取相应的预防护理措施。方法选取2017年11月—2019年11月本院生产的妊娠心脏病孕妇240例,其中,30例发生不良妊娠结局者设为不良结局组(病例组),其余210例妊娠结局良好者为正常结局组(对照组)。收集两组孕妇的相关资料并进行统计学处理,分析不良妊娠结局发生的独立危险因素。结果单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,合并高血压、孕次≥4次、心功能分级(Ⅲ或Ⅳ)均是妊娠心脏病不良妊娠结局发生的独立危险因素。结论合并高血压、孕次≥4次、心功能分级(Ⅲ或Ⅳ)均是妊娠心脏病不良妊娠结局发生的独立危险因素,且心脏功能级别较高的孕妇不良妊娠的发生率越高,应重视上述独立危险因素,采取相应的预防干预措施,减少不良妊娠的发生。     

Use of Intracolonic Bypass Secured by a Biodegradable Anastomotic Ring to Protect the Low Rectal Anastomosis

Purpose Because of the relatively high morbidity and mortality of anastomotic leakage in patients with low rectal cancer who receive an anterior resection, many fecal diverting methods have been introduced. This study was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of the Valtrac™-secured intracolonic bypass in protecting low rectal anastomosis and to compare the efficacy and complications of Valtrac™-secured intracolonic bypass with those of loop ileostomy. Methods From January 2002 to April 2006, 83 patients with rectal cancer who underwent elective low anterior resection received intracolonic bypass or ileostomy. Demographics, clinical features, and operative data were recorded. Results Forty-four patients (53 percent) received a Valtrac™-secured intracolonic bypass and 39 patients (47 percent) a loop ileostomy. The demographics and clinical features of the groups were similar. None of the patients developed clinical anastomotic leakage. Longer overall postoperative hospital stay (21.3 ± 5.8 days) and higher costs incurred (3.1 ± 0.9 × $1,000 U.S. dollars) were observed in the ileostomy group than in the intracolonic bypass group (12.5 ± 6.3 days, 4.4 ± 1.2 × $1,000 U.S. dollars; P < 0.05). Stoma-related complications in the ileostomy group included dermatitis (12.8 percent), bleeding (2.6 percent), and intestinal obstruction after stoma closure (5.1 percent). No complications were observed in the intracolonic bypass group except for the Valtrac™ ring discharging en bloc, which compromised fecal evacuation in two cases (4.5 percent). Conclusions The Valtrac™-secured intracolonic bypass procedure is a safe, effective, but time-limited, diverting technique to protect an elective low colorectal anastomosis. Valtrac™-secured intracolonic bypass, in contrast to loop ileostomy, avoids stoma-related complications or readmission for closure and is associated with decreased hospital time and cost. Presented at the First National Conference on Colorectal Surgery, Zhu Hai, Guang Dong, China, November 2 to 5, 2006. Reprints are not available.     

低位直肠癌腹腔镜下根治保肛术中改良襻式单一切口末端回肠造口定位的研究

目的观察直肠癌根治术单一切口预防性回肠造口术术前定位对患者术后造口并发症及护理的影响。方法对78例直肠癌根治术单一切口预防性回肠造口术患者进行术前于麦氏点上方2~3 cm,向内侧成15~20°角定位。结果本组发生造口旁疝1例,造口周围皮肤炎3例,造口感染4例,80%以上患者无不适或有轻度不适。结论造瘘口术前正确定位便于护理,可减少造口并发症的发生。