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目的 探讨临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌术前短程化疗的意义。方法 122例临床Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌术前用CEF方案化疗1疗程，化疗后3-5d手术。结果 部分缓解21例(占17．2％)，轻度缓解76例(占62．3％)，无变化25例(占20．5％)，无临床进展病例。术前可扪及腋窝肿大淋巴结42例，化疗后30例见淋巴结明显缩小或消失。病理组织学观察75例镜下见肿瘤细胞有小点片状坏死。106例按计划手术；16例因白细胞降低等化疗反应推迟手术。全组随访1～6年，无局部复发病例；6例在随访期间1～3年内发现骨转移，经放疗和化疗控制；仅1例同时有骨转移和肺转移者于术后4年死亡；余均健在。结论 可手术乳腺癌的术前短程化疗可观察到肿瘤缩小等治疗效果，为术后化疗提供指导。并可能减少术中血行转移和提高疗效。     

外科治疗III_A期N_2非小细胞肺癌的预后分析及临床意义

目的探讨影响IIIA期N2非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)预后的因素,并分析经手术治疗不同亚组病人的生存率差异。方法分析1997年1月至2000年1月146例手术治疗的IIIA期N2NSCLC病人的可能影响预后因素:病理类型、肿瘤位置、肿瘤大小、手术方式、临床N2情况,N2转移组数及个数、术后辅助治疗等,并用Kaplan-Meier曲线及Logrank检验生存率差异,Cox单因素、多因素分析各因素对生存率的影响。结果IIIA期N2NSCLC病人的3年和5年生存率分别为19.86%和14.56%。单因素分析示肿瘤位置、临床N2情况、N2转移组数及个数是影响生存率的因素;多因素分析示肿瘤大小、临床N2情况,N2转移组数和肿瘤位置影响预后。右肺下叶肿瘤单组或单个N2转移,预后最好。结论纵隔N2转移淋巴结的大小、个数和组数是影响术后生存率主要因素。手术前未发现N2转移(mN2),有1组N2转移(N2L1),N2转移数少于4个者手术治疗效果好。右肺下叶肿瘤发生单组N2淋巴结转移预后好。     

Treatment and prognostic factors in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

INTRODUCTION: Hepatocellular carcinoma is a leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. Survival of patients depends on tumor extension and liver function, but yet there is no consensual prognostic model. AIMS: To evaluate the influence on survival of pretreatment parameters (clinico-laboratorial, liver function, tumor extension, Okuda and Cancer of the Liver Italian program (CLIP) staging) and treatment modalities. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 207 patients, diagnosed between 1993 and 2003. The initial treatment was: surgery--six patients; radiofrequency ablation--21; percutaneous ethanol injection--29; transarterial chemoembolization--49; tamoxifen--49; supportive care alone--53. Factors determining survival were assessed by Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression models. RESULTS: Median survival was 24 months. In univariate analysis, Child-Pugh classification and Model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, portal vein thrombosis (PVT), tumor size, number of lesions, Okuda and CLIP scores were all associated with prognosis (P < 0.001). Alpha-fetoprotein levels were not predictive of survival. Independent predictors of survival were ascites, bilirubin, PVT and therapeutic modalities (P < 0.001). In early stage hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), survival was similar for both percutaneous ablation modalities, either radiofrequency or ethanol injection (P = NS). In advanced HCC, survival was better in patients receiving tamoxifen than supportive care alone (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study reinforces the importance of baseline liver function (Child-Pugh classification and MELD score) in the survival of patients with HCC, although staging systems allowed the stratification of patients in different prognostic groups. Ascites, bilirubin and PVT were independent pretreatment predictors of survival. All treatments influenced the patient's outcome, whether in early or advanced stages.     

进展期胃癌术后辅助性化疗的10年随访结果

报告１０２例进展期胃癌术后患者，随机进行３组不同化疗方案并经平均随访１０．７年的结果。所有病例均为１９８３年５月到１９８５年５月间手术者。术后随机给予单一５－ＦＵ、５－ＦＵ＋ＣＣＮＵ和ＭＴＸ＋ＭＭＣ＋５－ＦＵ三组不同化疗。随访至１９９４年１２月止，死亡７７例，存活２５例。结果３、５和１０年总生存率分别为４２．１％；２９．４％和２４．５％。三组间比较，总自下而上率并无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５），但中位     

Impact of Induction Chemotherapy and Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy on Operative Morbidity and Mortality in Patients with Locoregional Adenocarcinoma of the Stomach or Gastroesophageal Junction

Background Significant tumor downstaging has been achieved in patients with localized gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma by induction chemotherapy and preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CTX–CTXRT). However, the influence of CTX–CTXRT on operative morbidity and mortality has not yet been clarified. The aim of the present study was to document the frequency and nature of morbidity and mortality after surgery combined with CTX–CTXRT, and identify factors predictive of postoperative complications in patients with localized gastric or gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma. Methods A prospectively collected database on 71 consecutive patients who underwent CTX–CTXRT at M.D. Anderson Cancer Center between January 1997 and August 2004 was reviewed. Postoperative morbidity and mortality were investigated, and risk factors for overall complications were identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 38.0% (27 patients) and 2.8% (2 patients), respectively. Age greater than 60 years [relative risk 11.3 (95% confidence interval 2.50–50.6)] and body mass index (BMI) of 26 kg/m² or above [relative risk 4.08 (95% confidence interval 1.08–15.4)] were significant risk factors for overall complications. Conclusions CTX–CTXRT can be performed safely with an acceptable operative morbidity and a low operative mortality rate in patients with gastric or gastroesophageal cancer, with careful consideration of added risk associated with age and obesity.     

The use of a dedicated rectosigmoidoscope for ultrasound staging of tumours of the upper and middle third of the rectum

OBJECTIVE: Tumours of the upper rectum, and many in the middle third, are not accessible to endorectal ultrasound staging because of the difficulty in reaching all sites of the rectum with a rigid probe. The aim of this prospective study was to assess whether using a dedicated rectosigmoidoscope, endorectal ultrasonography (ERUS) can accurately stage any rectal lesion irrespective of its distance from the anal verge. METHOD: A total of 173 consecutive patients with a primary rectal tumour were included. A rotating, high multifrequency (5.0-10 MHz) endoprobe was introduced through a dedicated rectosigmoidoscope and advanced above the lesion. A computer allowed for three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of 2D images. Treatment was selected on the basis of 3D-ERUS findings. ERUS staging was correlated with pathological staging. RESULTS: The depth of invasion was correctly determined by 3D-ERUS in 78.2% of tumours of the lower rectum, 76.4% of tumours extending between the lower and middle third of the rectum, 80.9% of tumours of the middle third of the rectum, 78.5% of tumours extending between the middle and upper third of the rectum and 78.9% of tumours of the upper rectum. The accuracy for the absence of lymph node metastases was 81.2% for tumours of the lower rectum, 78.5% for tumours extending between the lower and middle third of the rectum, 85.7% for tumours of the middle third of the rectum, 83.3% for tumours extending between the middle and upper third of the rectum and 78.5% for tumours of the upper rectum. Analysis showed that there was no difference between the various tumour sites. CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that using a dedicated proctosigmoidoscope, tumours of the upper and middle third of the rectum are equally accessible to ultrasonographic evaluation. The distance of the tumour from the anal verge does not influence the accuracy of examinations considered adequate by the operator.     

National survey on the management of primary hyperparathyroidism by Swiss endocrinologists

Background From the endocrine surgeon’s perspective, it is important to know how endocrinologists manage patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). The aim of this survey was to evaluate the preoperative diagnostic workup and referral pattern for parathyroidectomy by Swiss endocrinologists. Materials and methods The survey was conducted by mailing a questionnaire to all members of the Swiss Society for Endocrinology and Diabetes in spring 2005. Results The questionnaire was sent back by 68 of 124 endocrinologists (55%). The median annual case volume of patients with pHPT was 6 (range 1–50). The mean fraction of these patients referred for surgery was 59 ± 24%. This fraction was significantly higher in the German-speaking part of Switzerland than in the French-speaking part (67 ± 21% vs 51 ± 27%). When considering surgery for asymptomatic pHPT, 62% of the endocrinologists rely routinely on the recommendations of the NIH consensus conference and 86% on the subsequent guidelines of the workshop in 2002. Sixty-seven percent of the endocrinologists routinely perform localization studies before possible referral for surgical exploration. Typically, they consisted of an ultrasonography of the neck (93%) and a ^99mTc-MIBI scintigraphy (80%). The impact of the availability of a minimally invasive surgical procedure on the number of patients referred for surgery seems to be considerable. Sixty-one percent of the participants would expand the indication for surgery if the operation could be done by a limited surgical approach. Conclusions In a relevant fraction of patients with pHPT, endocrinologists still do not regard curative therapy as mandatory. Surprisingly, there are significant cultural differences concerning referral patterns to surgery between the German-speaking and the French-speaking parts of Switzerland. Minimally invasive procedures seem to lower the threshold for referral for surgical therapy. This work was presented at the 2nd Biennial Congress of the ESES, May 2006, Krakow, Poland.     

术前减黄对低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响

目的探讨术前减黄对低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸患者行胰十二指肠切除术的影响。方法回顾1999年1月至2005年12月98例总胆红素>85μmol/L行胰十二指肠切除术的低位胆道恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床资料。结果术前减黄34例(35%,34/98),减黄前的胆红素水平为(266±119)μmoL/L,减黄后下降为(184±115)μmoL/L(t=2.66,P=0.010)。减黄组术中红细胞输注量为(276±419)ml,未减黄组为(397±344)ml(P=0.016);术后总的并发症发生率为39%(38/98);减黄组为35%(12/34),未减黄组为40%(26/64),差异无显著性(P=0.053),感染性并发症和单个并发症发生率两组之间亦无显著性差异(P=0.513)。单变量分析显示术前胆红素>340μmol/L(P=0.042)、手术出血量>600 ml(P=0.001)和术中红细胞输注量>600 ml(P=0.003)时,术后并发症的发生率显著性上升。多变量Logistic回归分析表明影响术后并发症的危险因素为手术出血量>600 ml(OR=2.77,P=0.036)和术中红细胞输注量>600 ml(OR=3.78,P=0.048)。结论低位恶性胆道梗阻患者,术前胆红素>340μmol/L时术后并发症的发生率显著增加,但术前减黄并未降低术后并发症的发生率,术者的技术和操作熟练程度可能影响术后并发症的发生。     

复发性脑膜瘤术前评估与术中处理

目的探讨脑膜瘤复发手术方法。方法1998年10月以来我院收治复发性脑膜瘤12例,对术前组织病理、CT、MRI及术中所见进行回顾性分析,总结。结果12例病人均行手术治疗,术后随访,无再次复发。结论手术是治疗复发性脑膜瘤的重要手段,完整切除肿瘤、术中化疗是减少复发的关键。