脑挫裂伤在创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血成因中的地位和CT漏诊原因分析

目的:探讨脑挫裂伤(BCAL)在创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(TSAH)中的成因中的作用和CT漏诊原因.方法:对我院2003年1月1日至2004年1月31日13个月内出院的83例头颅外伤患者住院病历和CT片作回顾性分析.结果:BCAL在TSAH成因中的比率非常高;而且多位于皮层和皮层下区.结论:BCAL是引起TSAH的最主要因素.     

Sutured wounds: factors associated with patient-rated cosmetic scores

Objective: To determine the association between wound characteristics, wound management in the ED and patient‐rated cosmetic appearance of sutured wounds. Our hypothesis was that practitioner seniority would most strongly predict outcome. Methods: Prospective recruitment of patients with lacerations sutured at the primary ED visit was performed. Data collected included patient demographics, wound characteristics and wound management. A standardized telephone questionnaire was administered 14 days and 3 months later. Scar appearance was scored using a verbal rating scale from zero to 10. Data were obtained about suture removal, antibiotic compliance, infection and dehiscence rates at 2 weeks. Associations of variables with cosmetic scores were analysed using multivariate linear regression. Results: One hundred and thirty‐two patients were evaluated. Mean cosmetic scores were not significantly associated with seniority (P = 0.07). Lacerations repaired by senior practitioners were more likely to result from glass or general trauma (P = 0.007), be shorter (P = 0.03), be cleaned with antiseptic (P = 0.03), not to re‐open (P = 0.01) or require re‐suturing (P = 0.03). Following multivariate regression factors significantly associated with cosmetic scores at 14 days and 3 months were site of injury (P < 0.003) and time from injury to repair (P < 0.009). Wounds of the torso, leg or foot had lower cosmetic scores at both time‐points. An association with age (P = 0.04) was present at 3 months. Conclusions: Previous research found improvement between short‐term doctor‐rated cosmesis and training beyond internship. Our study demonstrated a non‐significant trend relationship between seniority and patient‐rated outcome, both short and long‐term. However, staff seniority was overshadowed by the site of laceration and time from injury to repair.     

腰背腹会阴部大面积皮肤软组织撕脱伤治疗

目的探讨腰背腹会阴部大面积皮肤软组织撕脱伤的治疗方法。方法自2003年1月至2009年6月,对9例腰背腹会阴部大面积皮肤撕脱伤患者的治疗进行回顾性分析。注重入院前急救,根据该类型撕脱伤的特点,急诊采用清创原位缝合,后期采用再次行清创原位缝合、肉芽创面游离植皮等多种手术方法修复。结果 9例患者全部治愈。9例患者撕脱皮肤急诊清创原位严密缝合,其中有2例基本成活,7例大部分成活。7例患者遗留创面缺损后期肉芽创面游离植皮修复,皮片整体成活率80%～90%。结论腰背腹会阴部大面积皮肤撕脱伤病情严重,急诊抢救和多科协作至关重要。撕脱皮肤血液循环的判断是治疗方案的选择和临床预后的关键。只要撕脱伤皮肤血运好,均应当保留,唯有这样才能最大限度恢复皮肤外貌与功能。     

Cough motor mechanisms

Cough is a defensive airway mechanisms which involves the sequential activation of several laryngeal and respiratory muscles in the generation of the typical four-phase motor pattern. Activation of such muscles can be considered to represent the "primary" cough motor mechanism, and its functional significance, although complex, appears to be fairly well established. Nonetheless, the outflows of cough are numerous, and may additionally involve the reflex or mechanical activation of other respiratory and non-respiratory motor systems. These additional, or "secondary", outflows of cough can mainly be regarded as being involved in either enhancing the defensive function of cough, or opposing the possible noxious effects exerted by the mechanical stresses of coughing. In addition, both the primary and secondary cough motor mechanisms are known to play multiple functional roles, thus considerably complicating the cough panorama. Finally, some of the secondary cough motor responses, such as the changes in the pattern of breathing, seem to be devoid of any favourable action and their functional meaning, if any, is not fully understood. Although it is well known that all patterns of cough can be produced voluntarily, the extent to which also volitional cough is accompanied by an array of motor responses similar to that of reflex cough remains to be elucidated.     

Self harm and attempted suicide in adults: 10 practical questions and answers for emergency department staff

Self harm is a complex behaviour that can be best thought of as a maladaptive response to acute and chronic stress, often but not exclusively linked with thoughts of dying. Patients presenting with self harm usually have current psychosocial difficulties, are likely to be suffering from mental health problems, and are at significant risk of further self harm and suicide. Recent guidelines suggest that all self harm attendees should receive an initial risk assessment at triage in the emergency department. A more detailed mental health assessment and an assessment of psychological and social needs should then be performed by trained staff, ideally specialist mental professionals experienced in this area. Risk of subsequent suicide is particularly high in those with high unresolved suicidal intent, depressive disorder, chronic alcohol and drug misuse, social isolation, and current physical illness. Patients with one or more of these risk factors should be offered enhanced care that may include inpatient or outpatient follow up care, a list of local support resources, and, where possible, self help material. Frequent repeaters, those with alcohol and substance use problems, those with physical or mental illness, and those who are isolated also require input from specialist mental health professionals. It is also recommended that adolescents and elderly people warrant a mandatory specialist assessment.     

Clinical evaluation of peripartum outcomes of mediolateral versus lateral episiotomy

Objective

To evaluate the incidence and extent of vaginal and perineal trauma among primiparous women after mediolateral and lateral episiotomy.

Methods

In a prospective randomized study at University Hospital Pilsen, Czech Republic, 790 consecutive primiparous women were enrolled between April 2010 and April 2012. Mediolateral episiotomy (MLE) followed an angle of at least 60° from the midline. Lateral episiotomy (LE) started 1–2 cm laterally from the midline and was directed toward the ischial tuberosity. A rectal examination was performed before episiotomy repair.

Results

MLE was performed for 390 women, and LE for 400. The groups did not differ in maternal or neonatal characteristics. No difference was found in incidence or extent of vaginal and perineal trauma; or in additional perineal (1.8% vs 1.5%, P = 0.6) or vaginal (8.5% vs 10.6%, P = 0.2) trauma continuing along the episiotomy incision. The incidence of anal sphincter injury did not differ between MLE and LE (1.5% vs 1.3%, P = 0.7). MLE was associated with shorter repair times (P < 0.05), less suturing material (P < 0.05), and shorter distances from the anus (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Risk of additional vaginal and perineal trauma, and anal sphincter injury after adequately performed mediolateral episiotomy is relatively low and corresponds to that of lateral episiotomy.     

泪道硅胶支撑管双路置入在下泪小管断裂吻合术中的应用

泪小管断裂是常见的眼外伤,需要及时手术治疗,否则可导致终生溢泪,且影响外观[1].我院从2009年1月至2012年1月共收治128例(128眼)下泪小管断裂患者,采用泪道硅胶支撑管双管植入法治疗泪小管断裂,观察疗效,现报告如下.     

阴茎烧伤后会阴部瘢痕挛缩畸形的治疗及患者性功能康复分析

目的:探究阴茎烧伤后会阴部瘢痕挛缩畸形的治疗方案,分析手术治疗对烧伤患者性功能的影响。方法:选择2008年4月至2012年4月期间我科收治的40例深度阴茎烧伤后会阴部瘢痕挛缩畸形患者,对患者行游离皮片移植、局部皮瓣转移、带蒂轴型皮瓣等手术治疗,观察手术治疗后的近期疗效与远期疗效,并分析手术治疗对患者性功能的影响。结果:40例烧伤患者经过游离皮片移植、局部皮瓣转移、带蒂轴型皮瓣等手术治疗,23例皮片完全存活,14例患者皮片变为暗紫色,经过药物治疗均痊愈,3例患者出现局部坏死,经过针对性的治疗,糜烂明显得到控制与改善。经过2年的随访,36例患者生殖器复位,4例患者出现疤痕挛缩,36例患者的下肢外展、下蹲以及行走等基本生理功能明显得到改善与提高;经过手术治疗的40例患者的IIEF-5平均评分为(21.40±6.50)分,显著术后的IIEF-5平均评分,且勃起正常的例数显著高于术前例数,勃起障碍例数显著低于术前例数,均具有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:根据患者疤痕部位、疤痕面积、年龄、体质等状况选择游离皮片移植、局部皮瓣转移、带蒂轴型皮瓣以及皮肤扩张等手术方法。经过手术治疗,患者的IIEF-5评分显著提高,勃起功能障碍明显得到改善。     

What operation for recurrent rectal prolapse after previous Delorme's procedure? A practical reality

AIM: To report our experience with perineal repair (Delorme’s procedure) of rectal prolapse with particular focus on treatment of the recurrence.METHODS: Clinical records of 40 patients who underwent Delorme’s procedure between 2003 and 2014 were reviewed to obtain the following data: Gender; duration of symptoms, length of prolapse, operation time, ASA grade, length of post-operative stay, procedure-related complications, development and treatment of recurrent prolapse. Analysis of post-operative complications, rate and time of recurrence and factors influencing the choice of the procedure for recurrent disease was conducted. Continuous variables were expressed as the median with interquartile range (IQR). Statistical analysis was carried out using the Fisher exact test.RESULTS: Median age at the time of surgery was 76 years (IQR: 71-81.5) and there were 38 females and 2 males. The median duration of symptoms was 6 mo (IQR: 3.5-12) and majority of patients presented electively whereas four patients presented in the emergency department with irreducible rectal prolapse. The median length of prolapse was 5 cm (IQR: 5-7), median operative time was 100 min (IQR: 85-120) and median post-operative stay was 4 d (IQR: 3-6). Approximately 16% of the patients suffered minor complications such as - urinary retention, delayed defaecation and infected haematoma. One patient died constituting post-operative mortality of 2.5%. Median follow-up was 6.5 mo (IQR: 2.15-16). Overall recurrence rate was 28% (n = 12). Recurrence rate for patients undergoing an urgent Delorme’s procedure who presented as an emergency was higher (75.0%) compared to those treated electively (20.5%), P value 0.034. Median time interval from surgery to the development of recurrence was 16 mo (IQR: 5-30). There were three patients who developed an early recurrence, within two weeks of the initial procedure. The management of the recurrent prolapse was as follows: No further intervention (n = 1), repeat Delorme’s procedure (n = 3), Altemeier’s procedure (n = 5) and rectopexy with faecal diversion (n = 3). One patient was lost during follow up.CONCLUSION: Delorme’s procedure is a suitable treatment for rectal prolapse due to low morbidity and mortality and acceptable rate of recurrence. The management of the recurrent rectal prolapse is often restricted to the pelvic approach by the same patient-related factors that influenced the choice of the initial operation, i.e., Delorme’s procedure. Early recurrence developing within days or weeks often represents a technical failure and may require abdominal rectopexy with faecal diversion.     

失禁相关性皮炎风险评估量表在失禁患者护理中的应用

目的 探讨失禁相关性皮炎风险评估量表在失禁患者中的应用效果。 方法 将454例住院失禁患者按入院顺序分为对照组和观察组。选取2014年1~6月的218例失禁患者为对照组,给予常规护理。选取2014年7~12月的236例失禁患者为观察组,采用失禁相关性皮炎风险评估量表评估后进行护理。比较2组失禁相关性皮炎的发生率。 结果 观察组失禁相关性皮炎发生率低于对照组(χ²=4.11,P<0.05)。 结论 对失禁患者采用失禁相关性皮炎风险评估量表评估后进行护理,可有效降低失禁相关性皮炎的发生率。