严重皮肤撕脱伤患者的护理体会

目的探讨严重皮肤撕脱伤发生的原因，采取有效的救治及护理措施。方法总结2009～2013年发生严重皮肤撕脱伤共7例的临床资料与护理措施。结果经采取有效的抗休克、创面换药、植皮等护理，6例患者愈合良好。结论皮肤撕脱伤是严重而复杂的创伤，其创面大，常合并有深部组织损伤，病情危重、复杂，创面组织渗出多，感染率高，需要护理人员熟练的急救技术配合救治。     

PDCA循环法对降低会阴切口感染的探讨

目的探讨PDCA循环法对降低会阴切口感染的效果。方法将2009年1月～2010年12月在我院产科足月顺产的产妇1000例设为对照组，2011年1月～2012年12月在我院产科足月顺产的产妇1000例设为观察组。对照组按产后会阴护理常规，每天执行两次会阴消毒及会阴热疗。观察组采用美国PDCA循环管理方法对会阴有切口的产妇进行持续性质量管理。结果实施PDCA管理模式后，产妇会阴切口感染率明显降低，差异有显著意义（x2=7．614，P〈0．01）。结论遵循PDCA循环的管理模式，实施质量持续改进，能降低会阴切口感染率。     

Robot-assisted laparoscopic repair of perineal hernia after abdominoperineal resection: A case report and review of the literature

IntroductionPerineal hernia is a protrusion of the pelvic floor containing intra-abdominal viscera. The occurrence of postoperative perineal hernia after abdominoperineal resection (APR) is rare, but reports have indicated a recent increase in occurrence following surgical treatment for rectal cancer. This has been attributed to a shift towards extralevator abdominoperineal resection, together with more frequent and long-term use of neoadjuvant therapy.Presentation of caseHere, we report the case of a patient who underwent APR for cancer. Twenty months postoperative, a perineal hernia was detected. The patient was electively scheduled for surgery. Robot-assisted laparoscopy was performed using the da Vinci Surgical System. The perineal hernia was repaired by primary closure with the placement of Symbotex Composite mesh as reinforcement for the pelvic floor. The surgery was performed without any adverse events, and the patient was discharged the day after surgery. Clinical follow-up proceeded at the designated time intervals without difficulties.DiscussionRecurrence rates of perineal hernia remain high, and surgeons face numerous challenges related to poor view, suturing and mesh placement in the deep pelvis. Numerous approaches have been described, but there is still no consensus as to the optimal repair technique for perineal hernia.ConclusionSymptomatic perineal hernias can feasibly be repaired with robot-assisted laparoscopy. Furthermore, suturing and mesh placement require less effort with the robot approach when compared to the open and laparoscopic approaches. These promising findings are demonstrated in the included video.     

Anatomical basis of transgluteal pudendal nerve block

Background  The pudendal nerve may become entrapped either within the pudendal canal or near the sacrotuberous ligament resulting in a partial conduction block. The goal of the present anatomical study was to assess a new transgluteal injection technique in terms of the precise injection site and the resulting distribution of the injected agent. Materials and methods  This study was carried out using eight fresh human cadavers. An epidural needle with a removable wing was inserted and the catheter position visualized using MRI. Through the catheter 10 ml of gadolinium contrast medium was injected into three of the cadavers. A further four cadavers were injected with latex and blue pigment and the pelvi-perineal area of each then separated from the trunk for freezing before being cut into 4–8 mm thick sections with an electric bandsaw. One final cadaver was injected with a mix of gadolinium (5 ml) and latex (5 ml) and both the MRI and anatomical procedures outlined above were performed. Results  Using MRI, we clearly imaged both the site of injection, near the trunk of the pudendal nerve, and the gadolinium contrast medium in different pelvic and perineal areas and around the fascia of the obturator internus and levator ani muscle. Concerning the anatomical study, latex was observed mainly around the sacrotuberous ligament, along the obturator internus muscle and in the perineal area in contact with the dividing branches of the pudendal nerve. The mixed injection of latex and gadolinium in the pudendal canal was found with the same localization between MRI and anatomical studies. Conclusion  This easily performed technique should provide a new approach for treating perineal neuralgia via pudendal nerve block in the consultation room without the need for computed tomography.     

会阴阻滞麻醉联合会阴体按摩对会阴侧切及裂伤的影响

目的：研究会阴体按摩联合会阴阻滞麻醉在减少会阴侧切及裂伤中的临床应用效果。方法选择200例产妇,并均分为观察组和对照组（n=100)。观察组采用会阴体按摩+会阴阻滞麻醉,对照组采用传统的会阴侧切+会阴阻滞麻醉,观察2组的会阴侧切率、裂伤率以及并发症发生率。结果观察组的会阴侧切率、裂伤率以及并发症发生率为51.0%、9.0%、3.0%,均显著低于对照组的83.0%、28.0%、10.0%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论在原有成熟的会阴阻滞麻醉技术上加上会阴按摩增强会阴的局部弹性,减少产妇的会阴侧切及裂伤,可以有效地减降低会阴侧切及裂伤率和会阴伤口并发症的发生率,从而极大减轻产妇的疼痛感,减少住院费用及住院时间,减少医疗纠纷。     

分娩会阴侧切和自然裂伤与盆底功能的相关性

目的 探讨初产妇分娩时行会阴侧切和自然裂伤与盆底功能近期改变的相关性.方法 收集宁波市镇海龙赛医院产科2012年6月至2014年3月确定为阴道生产的初产妇150例,分为会阴侧切组(85例)、自然裂伤组(35例)、自然顺产分娩组(30例),分别对3组同期同时在产后42天后,通过问卷调查、详细的身体检查、盆底相关肌肉检查,评估其盆底功能变化以及分别于自然顺产组相比的OR值.结果 分娩时压力性尿失禁、排尿困难的发生率在3组之间的比较差异均无统计学意义(x2值分别为4.670、1.085,均P＞0.05);会阴伤口疼痛、性生活障碍的发生率在3组之间比较差异均有统计学意义(r值分别为25.929、27.525,均P＜0.05).盆底肌力分级在3组之间比较差异有统计学意义(x2=10.869,P＜0.05),肌电位的比较差异也具有统计学意义(F=6.689,P＜0.05).盆底肌力分级会阴侧切组与自然顺产组相比OR=1.450,自然裂伤组与自然顺产组相比OR=1.023,盆底功能与会阴侧切、自然裂伤的相关系数(r)分别为1.123和1.458,均P＜0.05.结论 分娩时会阴侧切、自然裂伤对盆底功能的影响大于自然顺产,但是会阴侧切的影响重于自然裂伤.     

Traumatic cloaca

Deep laceration of the perineum after an obstetric injury may result in a cloacal deformity of the anus and vagina, causing complete fecal incontinence. A surgical technique consisting of reconstruction of the perineal body (perineoplasty) with puborectalis interposition and overlapping external sphincteroplasty is described to correct the defect and restore continence. This procedure has been used on 43 patients in a 10-year period with excellent anatomic and physiologic results.     

Cusp Symmetry and Coronary Ostial Eccentricity and its Impact on Coronary Access Following TAVR

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity and its impact on coronary access following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using a patient-specific commissural alignment implantation technique.BackgroundTAVR implantation techniques to obtain neocommissural alignment have been introduced. The impact of cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity on coronary access after TAVR remains unknown.MethodsCardiac computed tomographic scans from 200 tricuspid aortic valves (TAVs) and 200 type 1 bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs) were studied. Cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity were assessed. In addition, the right coronary cusp/left coronary cusp and right coronary artery (RCA)/left coronary artery (LCA) ostia overlap views were calculated and compared.ResultsSevere cusp asymmetry (>135°) was more frequent in BAVs (52.5%) than in TAVs (2.5%) (P < 0.001), with the noncoronary cusp being the most common dominant cusp. The RCA ostium was found to be more often eccentric (>20°) than the LCA ostium (28% vs 6%, respectively; P < 0.001). Considering the right/left cusp overlap view, there was <20° deviation between the right coronary cusp–left coronary cusp centered line and the RCA-LCA centered line in 95% of all patients (TAV, 97%; BAV, 93%). The right/left cusp and coronary ostia overlap view differed by <10° and <20° fluoroscopic angulation in 75% and 98% of all cases, respectively.ConclusionsUsing the right/left cusp overlap view to obtain commissural alignment in TAVR is also an effective approach to implant one of the transcatheter heart valve commissures in the near center between both coronary ostia in most TAVs and type 1 BAVs. Preprocedural CT assessment remains crucial to assess cusp symmetry and coronary ostial eccentricity.