纳洛酮加清开灵治疗野生蕈中毒30例疗效观察

目的：观察纳洛酮与清开灵合用治疗急性野生蕈中毒的临床疗效。方法：采用随机数字表法将86例患者随机分为3组。治疗组30例以纳络酮加清开灵治疗，纳洛酮组26例单用纳洛酮治疗，清开灵组30例单用清开灵治疗。观察3组患者症状好转时间、症状消失时间、重症清醒时间。治疗5天为1疗程，共治2－8疗程。结果：治疗组在症状好转时间、症状消失时间、清醒时间均明显短于纳洛酮组和清开灵组（P＜0．05，P＜0．01）。结论：纳洛酮与清开灵合用，可以从不同途径作用于脑组织，尽快改善中毒症状，减少脑损伤，二者合用尚可减少纳洛酮的用量，从而减少纳洛酮的心血管效应。     

急性中毒并多器官功能失常综合征61例临床分析

目的调查急性中毒并多器官功能失常综合征(MODS)的发病情况和转归。方法回顾性分析300例急性中毒患者,其中61例并发MODS。结果61例并发MODS中,死亡14例,病死率22.9％。发生2、3、4、5或5个以上器官功能失常病死率分别为4.7％、15.7％、37.5％、80％。受累器官个数在死亡组和存活组的比较差异显著。结论 不同中毒致MODS的病死率不同,随器官功能失常数目的增加而升高。     

贝类毒素检验及排除方法的研究进展

简要介绍了麻痹性贝类毒素、腹泻性贝类毒素、神经性贝类毒素及健忘性贝类毒素等贝类毒素的来源、性质、组成及中毒机理，并探讨了贝类毒素的检验及其排除方法。     

Ostreopsis sp., a possible origin of palytoxin (PTX) in parrotfish Scarus ovifrons.

A clone of toxic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp. and six specimens of a parrotfish Scarus ovifrons were collected in October 1997 at Tokushima Prefecture, Japan. Ostreopsis sp. was cultured in ESM medium for 16 days, and after rearing the cell pellet (about 4.0x10(5) cells) was extracted with 50% methanol, partitioned between an aqueous layer and 1-butanol layer, and biochemically tested. Similarly, the crude toxin from S. ovifrons was extracted, and tested. The mice injected with each 1-butanol layer from Ostreopsis sp. and S. ovifrons showed the common symptoms of convulsion, drowsiness and collapse, and died within 48 h. The lethal potency of Ostreopsis sp. was calculated to be 1.0x10(-4) MU/cell. All specimens of S. ovifrons were found to be toxic, where the highest potency was determined as 2 MU/g in muscle of one specimen. After being injected with toxins, the serum creatine phosphokinase levels of mice were found to be elevated. Toxins from Ostreopsis sp. and S. ovifrons showed delayed haemolytic activity with mouse and human erythrocytes, which was inhibited by an anti-palytoxin (PTX) antibody antibody and ouabain. Toxins from Ostreopsis sp. and S. ovifrons thus resembled each other, and strongly suggested to be PTX or its akin substance. Additionally, a considerable number of adherent Ostreopsis sp. was found in the gut contents of S. ovifrons during the heavy occurrence of Ostreopsis sp. in October 1997 at Tokushima Prefecture. From the above results, it can be strongly postulated that the dinoflagellate Ostreopsis sp. is the origin of PTX which is sequestered by the parrotfish S. ovifrons through food chain.     

Implication of brevetoxin B1 and PbTx-3 in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New Zealand by isolation and quantitative determination with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Brevetoxin B1 (BTX-B1) was isolated from Austrovenus stutchburyi following the 1992-1993 outbreak of neurotoxic shellfish poisoning (NSP) in New Zealand. We report here the first isolation of PbTx-3 from the same shellfish and the development of a procedure for quantitative determination of PbTx-3 and BTX-B1. PbTx-3 was isolated by chromatography on columns of SiO2, ODS, and LH-20, followed by reverse-phase HPLCs. In mass spectrometry (MS) with an electrospray ionization (ESI) interface operating in the positive or negative ion mode, the abundant protonated ion [M+H]+ of PbTx-3 (m/z 897) and the de-sodiated ion [M-Na]- of BTX-B1 (m/z 1016) were generated, respectively. These served as precursor ions for collision-induced dissociation, and the product ions of m/z 725 from PbTx-3 and m/z 80 from BTX-B1 were identified, allowing unambiguous confirmation of these toxins by selected reaction monitoring liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SRM LC-MS/MS) analysis. The determination limits were 0.4 and 2 ng/g for BTX-B1 and PbTx-3 at a signal-to-noise ratio of five, respectively. This LC-MS/MS method was successfully applied to determine BTX-B1 and PbTx-3 in the NSP-associated toxic shellfish. BTX-B1 was found in both A. stutchburyi and Perna canaliculus, but not in Crassostrea gigas, while PbTx-3 was found in all three.     

Seasonality of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning at a coastal lagoon in Portugal: rainfall patterns and folk wisdom.

Of the three types of toxicity known so far in Portuguese shellfish, only diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) and amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) are produced by microalgae that seem to have been present in the last decades or centuries. The most important paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) producer, Gymnodinium catenatum, is hypothesised to have been introduced quite recently as only in 1976 PSP toxicity was detected for the first time in shellfish from Galicia, NW Iberian Peninsula. While ASP presents very short episodes of contamination, the concentration of DSP toxins in some years surpasses human safety values for much longer periods. It is traditionally stated that shellfish should be consumed in 'months with R' (September-April). A retrospective study of the maximum monthly DSP levels attained in mussels from a coastal lagoon-Ria de Aveiro-between 1994 and 2001, showed that the highest frequency of months with concentrations surpassing the safety level of 2 microg/g digestive glands were found in June-September, followed by May and October. These months correspond with the months of lowest historical average rainfall in the period 1941-1998.Oscillations in the rainfall pattern coincided with earliest (or latest) detection by HPLC of DSP toxins in mussel in the years studied. In a semi-closed lagunar environment prone to in situ growth of DSP-producer microalgae, like Dinophysis acuminata, rainfall affects river output, lowering salinity and disrupting water column stability that favours Dinophysis growth. The seasonality of DSP recurrence may be connected to the folk adage on safety of shellfish consumption, after many years of empirical observations by coastal populations of diarrhoea episodes in summertime.     

Study on Metabolites of Aconitum Alkaloids in Human Urine

TheaconitebelongstoplantsofgenusAconituminfamilyofRanunculaceaandhavenotableclinicalfunctionsintreatingrheumaticarthritis ,heartfailure ,etc .However,accidentsofaconitine(fromaconite)poisoningfrequentlyoccurtomanypeopletakingtheseherbs .Theplantsofthisfamilycontainaconitine ,mesaconitine ,hypaconitineandotheraco nitumalkaloids .Theyarehighlytoxic ,andtheirtreatmentdoseapproachestothetoxicdoseorlethaldose .Duringtheperiodfrom 1989- 1995 ,morethan 30casesofpoisoningcausedbyaconitineinsometradit…     

高压氧与纳洛酮治疗急性一氧化碳中毒的研究

目的　观察比较早期采取高压氧与纳洛酮治疗急性一氧化碳 (CO)中毒的疗效。方法　将 4 5例急性CO中毒患者随机分为高压氧组和纳洛酮组 ,2组患者均给予常规治疗 ,高压氧组待患者生命体征平稳后即给予高压氧治疗 ,纳洛酮组患者入院时即给予纳洛酮治疗。观察 2组患者昏迷时间、症状消失时间、脑电图 (EEG)变化及迟发性脑病发生率 ,测定治疗前与完全清醒后动脉血气。结果　 2组患者的昏迷时间、症状消失时间及迟发性脑病发生率均无显著性差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。纳洛酮组EEG阳性率明显高于高压氧组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,p(O2 )和Sa(O2 )上升值明显低于高压氧组 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论　高压氧和纳洛酮均可以有效缩短急性CO中毒患者的昏迷时间 ,改善患者症状 ,降低迟发性脑病的发生率 ,故在无条件进行高压氧治疗时 ,早期使用纳洛酮也不失为一种有效的治疗方法     

25起职业性急性中毒事故分析

目的了解杭州市重大职业性急性中毒事故发生的原因及其救援情况，进一步提高对重大事故的防范和管理。方法收集杭州市１３年间发生的２５起重大职业性急性中毒事故的劳动卫生调查资料，对事故发生的行业、企业、毒物品种采用流行病学分析方法进行统计分析。结果２５起事故共发生中毒１３１人，死亡２２人，乡镇企业的发生率超过国有企业；引起中毒的毒物共１０种，发病人数在前５位的毒物依次为硫化氢、苯、一氧化碳、光气和有机磷农药；１３１名中毒人员中因救援中毒４０人，死亡８人，救援人员中毒和死亡率高于直接作业工人。结论发生事故的原因以缺乏防护知识最为突出。本研究结果为建立基层应急救援体系提供参考依据。