Double-balloon enteroscopy for retrieving retained small-bowel video capsule endoscopes: a systematic review

Abstract

Background and aim: Capsule retention is the most common adverse event associated with video capsule endoscopy. The use of double-balloon enteroscopy-assisted capsule endoscope retrieval has been increasingly reported in recent years. However, evidence is limited regarding its success rate, associated factors, and subsequent clinical outcomes.

Methods: A systematic review of relevant studies published before January 2019 was performed. Successful retrieval rate and associated factors, rate of endoscopic balloon dilation, and outcomes after double-balloon enteroscopy were summarized and pooled.

Results: Within 154 associated original articles, 12 including 150 cases of capsule retrieval by double-balloon enteroscopy were included. The estimated pooled successful retrieval rate was 86.5% (95% confidence interval, 75.6–95.1%). Anterograde approach and capsules retained in the jejunum or trapped by malignant strictures were associated with a higher successful retrieval rate than the retrograde approach (62/83 [74.7%] vs. 10/38 [26.3%], p?<?.001) and capsules retained in the ileum (41/41 [100.0%] vs. 43/58 [74.1%], p?<?.001) or trapped by benign strictures (21/21 [100.0%] vs. 65/83 [78.3%], p?=?.043). Endoscopic balloon dilation was performed in 38.8% (95% confidence interval, 22.3–56.3%) of patients with benign strictures. Two perforations (1.3%) were reported as severe adverse events after double-balloon enteroscopy. A significantly lower surgery rate was found among cases with successful video capsule removal compared with unsuccessful cases (7.2% vs. 38.5%, p?=?.002).

Conclusions: Double-balloon enteroscopy is feasible and safe for removing retained video capsule endoscopes, and its use could decrease the need for surgery in patients with benign strictures and facilitate subsequent surgery in patients with malignant strictures.     

Per‐oral transgastric abdominal surgery

Laparoscopic surgery has several advantages over traditional surgery because it has been shown to be less invasive. The next logical step in the evolution of minimally invasive surgery may be to eliminate all abdominal incisions. The natural orifices provide a port of entry via the gastrointestinal tract to the peritoneal cavity. This approach would require the creation of a perforation, which is considered to be a major complication of endoscopy with significant morbidity and mortality. However, there are several recent studies that have described the technical feasibility and safety of a per‐oral transgastric approach to the peritoneal cavity using conventional endoscopes. Theoretically, this approach could reduce postoperative abdominal wall pain, wound infection, hernia formation, and adhesions. This article aims to summarize the current status of transgastric surgery, currently referred to as natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES), and to address some of its future challenges.     

CORRELATIONS BETWEEN VIDEO CAPSULE ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS AND CLINICAL ACTIVITY IN CROHN’S DISEASE

Background and Aims: Video capsule endoscopy (VCE) has become increasingly important as a simple method for observing the entire small intestine. The indications for VCE are obscure gastrointestinal bleeding and investigation of Crohn’s disease (CD). However, the correlation between endoscopic findings obtained by VCE and clinical findings in known cases of CD is not clear, and we therefore investigated this in the present study. Patients and methods: In 30 patients with known CD (Crohn’s disease activity index [CDAI] 0–420; median = 158.3), double contrast enteroclysis (ENT) was performed 1–3 weeks prior to VCE. The relationship between the VCE findings and hematological analysis/CDAI was examined. Results: In 17 of 30 patients, the entire small intestine could be investigated by VCE, whereas in the remaining 13 patients the terminal ileum could not be investigated. The following exhibited positive correlations: total lesions and CDAI (correlation coefficient values: r_s = 0.661, adjusted P < 0.0061), ulcers and C‐reactive protein (CRP) (r_s = 0.607, adjusted P < 0.0061), total lesions and CRP (r_s = 0.604, adjusted P < 0.0061). Conclusions: Analysis with VCE suggests that CDAI and CRP indicate the activity of intestinal lesions in patients with known CD, and that CRP, in particular, is associated with the activity of ulcerative lesions of the intestine. This may contribute to revised guidelines for VCE in the future.     

溃疡性结肠炎内镜、病理特点及其临床意义

目的探讨溃疡性结肠炎内镜及病理组织学检查的临床特点及其意义。方法采用分级的方法描述219例活动期溃疡性结肠炎以及53例治疗后临床症状完全缓解者的内镜、病理组织学特点。运用Spearman等级相关系数进行相关分析。结果本组219例活动期溃疡性结肠炎内镜分级主要分布在Ⅱ～Ⅲ级，占59．8％。病理组织学分级主要分布在Ⅲ～Ⅳ级，占79．9％（r=0．1692，P=0．0122）。经治疗后4周～8个月间，53例临床症状完全消失。内镜分级由治疗前的Ⅲ～Ⅳ级向Ⅰ～Ⅱ级转归，而病理组织学分级Ⅳ级为22．7％（r=0．3007，P=0．0287）。内镜分级与病理组织学分级两者间均无相关性。结论本组内镜及病理组织学分级描述溃疡性结肠炎病情以及疗效有不一致性。早期诊断以及近期疗效的判断不仅应依靠临床症状及内镜检查所见，更应结合病理组织学检查。     

胶囊内镜检查对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式选择的指导作用

目的:探讨胶囊内镜检查对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式选择的指导作用．方法:胶囊内镜检查阴性或可疑病变者20例行双气囊小肠镜检查(均在麻醉下进行),包括经口和经肛进镜方式．根据胶囊内镜时间指数 (胶囊内镜从幽门至病灶的通过时间／幽门至回盲瓣的通过时间)选择首次进镜方式,时间指数>0．50时首先考虑经肛进镜检查,对未发现异常者择期改换方式再行检查．分析按胶囊内镜时间指数选择双气囊小肠镜进镜方式的准确性．结果:胶囊内镜检查阴性者5例,行经口双气囊小肠镜检查,有1例在改为经肛检查后检出病灶．胶囊内镜检查怀疑小肠病变者15例,有 12例(80．0％)经双气囊小肠镜结合活检病理确诊．以时间指数>0．50为标准,4例(分别为0．99, 0．8,0．65和0．59)首选经肛进镜检查,后二者(时间指数分别为0．65和0．59)需换从口侧进镜检查而检出病灶;如以时间指数>0．75为标准,该 2例不再需要改换方式再行检查,另2例病变部位被判断为回肠远端,经肛进镜即可准确到达病灶．结论:胶囊内镜检查可指导对双气囊小肠镜进镜方式的选择,时间指数>0．75提示首选经肛进镜检查．     

扩大经鼻蝶入路海绵窦的内镜解剖研究

目的通过对扩大经鼻蝶窦入路的内镜解剖学研究,为临床应用提供形态学基础.方法在10具动脉灌注染料的成人尸头上模拟扩大经鼻蝶窦手术入路,测量海绵窦内重要结构与鞍底的距离.结果扩大经鼻蝶手术入路可清晰显示鞍底的骨膜、硬脑膜外层、海绵窦内侧壁,及海绵窦内的颈内动脉及其分支血管、动眼神经、滑车神经、展神经及视神经等结构.结论内镜下行扩大经鼻蝶手术入路可清晰显露海绵窦及其内的解剖结构,适用于鞍内病变侵犯海绵窦的外科治疗.     

Minimum incision endoscopic nephrectomy for giant hydronephrosis

Five consecutive patients with symptomatic giant hydronephrosis underwent minimum incision endoscopic nephrectomy. The originally huge renal specimen was retroperitoneally mobilized using both of endoscopy and direct vision, without the use of trocar ports or gas insufflation, via a single minimum incision that narrowly permitted extraction of the specimen. The specimen was successfully extracted from the incision in all patients. Technically, proper deflation of the hydronephrotic sac facilitates mobilization and enables extraction of the specimen. Median (range) size of incision, operative time, and estimated blood loss were 4 cm (3-5), 205 min (156-222), and 210 mL (110-350), respectively. No patient required blood transfusion or encountered operative complications. Postoperative convalescence was short and uneventful; all patients resumed oral intake and ambulance on the day following surgery, and were physically dischargeable from hospital after 2-3 postoperative days. Thus, this technique is a feasible, minimally invasive and safe procedure for symptomatic giant hydronephrosis.     

Sequential bilateral minimum incision endoscopic radical nephrectomy in dialysis patients with bilateral renal cell carcinomas

Since 1998, we have performed minimum incision endoscopic surgery (MIES) for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). For seven dialysis patients with bilateral RCC, we have performed sequential bilateral MIES radical nephrectomy. It was carried out by retroperitoneal approach through a single minimum incision that narrowly permitted extraction of the specimen using endoscopy and direct stereovision, without trocar ports, without gas insufflation and without the insertion of the hands of operators into the operative field. Although six of the seven patients had multiple complications in addition to chronic renal failure (CRF), bilateral kidneys were successfully removed by sequential MIES radical nephrectomy without major operative complication. Postoperative recovery was prompt with all patients resuming oral feeding and walking by the second postoperative day. Sequential bilateral MIES radical nephrectomy, leaving the peritoneal cavity intact and without imposing circulatory stress caused by gas insufflation, is a feasible treatment for bilateral RCCs in dialysis patients.