Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Selected Lifestyle Elements among Young Women with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus from Northeast Poland: A Case-Control COVID-19 Survey

An appropriate balanced diet and dietary patterns are important at every stage of life, but in the case of young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), it is especially crucial during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of the study was to assess health and nutritional behaviors, mainly adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD), during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland among women with T1DM, and to compare them with a healthy population. This survey (based on a questionnaire) was conducted in December 2020 and included 219 young women, healthy (n = 106) and with T1DM (n = 113), from northeast Poland. Over 30% of the study group admitted that they did not engage in any physical activity. A large proportion declared that their screen time was 5–7 h a day (48% in control and 40% in T1DM group). High intakes of sweet-beverages, sweets and red meat, but also low intakes of olive oil, fish and nuts were observed. The vast majority of participants (60% vs. 71%) were moderately adherent to the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). The study demonstrated that despite the similarity between the behaviors of healthy people and those with T1DM, negative health and nutritional practices, such as low physical activity, long screen time, medium and high levels of stress and inappropriate eating habits were observed.     

Unhealthy Diet Pattern Mediates the Disproportionate Prevalence of Obesity among Adults with Socio-Economic Disadvantage: An Australian Representative Cross-Sectional Study

The role of unhealthy dietary pattern in the association between socio-economic factors and obesity is unclear. The aim was to examine the association between socio-economic disadvantage and obesity and to assess mediation effect of unhealthy dietary pattern defined using the Mediterranean diet criteria. The data source was the Australian National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. The study sample included 7744 participants aged 18 years and over, 28% of whom had obesity. We used the Australian Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA) classification system for categorizing socio-economic disadvantage; calculated the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) using standard criteria; and used measured body mass index to define obesity. We conducted a mediation analysis using log–binomial models to generate the prevalence ratio for obesity and the proportion mediated by the MDS. The most disadvantaged group was associated with higher level of obesity after controlling for covariates (1.40, 95% CI 1.25, 1.56) compared to the least disadvantaged group, and in a dose–response way for each decreasing SEIFA quintile. The relationship between socio-economic disadvantage and obesity was mediated by the MDS (4.0%, 95% CI 1.9, 8.0). Public health interventions should promote healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet, to reduce obesity, especially in communities with high socio-economic disadvantage.     

Impact of the Level of Adherence to Mediterranean Diet on the Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies

High adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) has been associated with a lower prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). The present study aimed to investigate the impact of MD adherence on parameters of MetS. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed, Cochrane Central Registry of Clinical Trials (CENTRAL), Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science and Google Scholar databases. Observational studies that recorded adherence to MD and components/measures of the MetS, such as waist circumference (WC), blood pressure (BP), fasting blood glucose (FBG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and triglycerides (TG), were included in this study. A total of 58 studies were included in our study. WC and TG were significantly lower in the high adherence MD group (SMD: −0.20, (95%CI: −0.40, −0.01), SMD: −0.27 (95%CI: −0.27, −0.11), respectively), while HDL cholesterol was significantly higher in the same group (SMD: −0.28 (95%CI: 0.07, 0.50). There was no difference in FBG and SBP among the two groups (SMD: −0.21 (95%CI: −0.54, 0.12) & SMD: −0.15 (95%CI: −0.38, 0.07), respectively). MD may have a positive impact on all parameters of MetS. However, further research is needed in this field.     

Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lifestyles of Health Sciences University Students in Spain: A Longitudinal Study

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted daily activities worldwide. University students may have experienced substantial changes in daily living as a result of restrictions on university attendance. The return to normalcy may take a long time, and understanding the influence that shifts in daily routines have had on the lifestyles of university students may inform approaches to support overall well-being. We analyzed changes in the lifestyles of students enrolled at a health sciences university during the COVID-19 pandemic. This longitudinal study took place at the Faculty of Medicine and Nursing in the University of the Basque Country in Spain, and the final sample consisted of 113 nursing students, 109 medical students, and 45 physiotherapy students. Our results demonstrate changes in lifestyles of university students during the pandemic. MedDiet adherence scores and the percentage of students with high adherence increased during the pandemic. This increase was due to the increased consumption of vegetables and nuts. In terms of physical activity, the practice of moderate and intense physical activity was maintained. These results provide important information for both public health authorities and educational institutions to guide strategies to maintain the well-being of students and enhance opportunities for young adults to lead a healthy lifestyle.     

Association of the Chronotype Score with Circulating Trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO) Concentrations

Individual differences in the chronotype, an attitude that best expresses the individual circadian preference in behavioral and biological rhythms, have been associated with cardiometabolic risk and gut dysbiosis. Up to now, there are no studies evaluating the association between chronotypes and circulating TMAO concentrations, a predictor of cardiometabolic risk and a useful marker of gut dysbiosis. In this study population (147 females and 100 males), subjects with the morning chronotype had the lowest BMI and waist circumference (p < 0.001), and a better metabolic profile compared to the other chronotypes. In addition, the morning chronotype had the highest adherence to the Mediterranean diet (p < 0.001) and the lowest circulating TMAO concentrations (p < 0.001). After adjusting for BMI and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, the correlation between circulating TMAO concentrations and chronotype score was still kept (r = −0.627, p < 0.001). Using a linear regression analysis, higher chronotype scores were mostly associated with lower circulating TMAO concentrations (β = −0.479, t = −12.08, and p < 0.001). Using a restricted cubic spline analysis, we found that a chronotype score ≥59 (p < 0.001, R² = −0.824) demonstrated a more significant inverse linear relationship with circulating TMAO concentrations compared with knots <59 (neither chronotype) and <41 (evening chronotype). The current study reported the first evidence that higher circulating TMAO concentrations were associated with the evening chronotype that, in turn, is usually linked to an unhealthy lifestyle mostly characterized by low adherence to the MD.     

维生素A在铁缺乏及缺铁性贫血治疗中的作用

近几年研究发现维生素A缺乏与铁缺乏具有显著的相关性,维生素A治疗缺铁性贫血和铁缺乏也取得了较好的临床效果。本文就维生素A缺乏与铁缺乏的相关性和作用机制,以及维生素A治疗缺铁性贫血的临床疗效和研究进展进行了综述,为维生素A用于儿童缺铁性贫血的防治提供依据,同时为降低我国儿童缺铁性贫血及铁缺乏的发病率提供更有效的防治措施。     

四川省凉山州4个重点贫困县6~24月龄婴幼儿营养及喂养现状调查

目的 了解凉山州贫困地区4个重点贫困县6~24月龄婴幼儿营养状况和家长喂养行为,为开展儿童营养与健康干预促进工作提供依据。方法 2018年4-7月采用多阶段随机抽样法,抽取4个重点县1 244名6~24月龄婴幼儿进行体格测量、血红蛋白含量检测和家长问卷调查。结果 凉山州4个重点县6~24月龄婴幼儿贫血患病率为51.9%,低体重率为9.5%,生长迟缓率为25.6%。多因素分析显示,婴幼儿性别、月龄、母亲学历、母亲职业、是否认为满3个月就可以添加辅食、是否知道谷类泥糊状食物是最适合首先添加的辅食、是否知道动物血或红肉是婴幼儿补铁的最好来源、是否知道贫血与铁缺乏有关、是否吃过母乳、6月龄后是否继续母乳喂养是影响婴幼儿营养状况的主要因素(P<0.05)。结论 凉山州贫困地区6~24月龄婴幼儿营养状况亟待改善,婴幼儿看护人喂养知识不足。应加强宣传教育,提高家长的育儿素养,掌握营养包的有效服用方法,纠正不正确的的喂养方式。     

缺铁性贫血婴幼儿智能行为发育研究

目的 探讨缺铁性贫血对婴幼儿智能行为发育的影响。方法 对264名儿童进行0－36个月的生长发育纵向监测,定期对其智力发育指数（MDI）、精神运动发育指数（PDI）以及行为进行测试,根据2岁时有无缺铁性贫血分为两组：①贫血组（96名）,②非贫血组（168名）,建立数据库,用SPSS软件进行统计学分析。结果 2岁时贫血组MDI、PDI均低于对照组,且这种改变在2．5岁贫血完全被纠正时仍未安全消除;2岁缺铁性贫血患儿血红蛋白水平与其MDI和PDI分值呈正相关;缺铁性贫血组儿童2－3岁期间行为问题发生率明显高于对照组,突出表现在社交退缩和躯体诉述两个行为因子上。结论 缺铁性贫血对婴幼儿智能行为发育均产生重要影响,鉴于对智能发育的不利影响是长期的,积极防治婴幼儿期缺铁性贫血对于保证儿童正常生长发育具有重要意义。     

新生儿溶血与HPVB_(19)感染的关系探讨

目的:用红细胞破坏增多和红细胞生成增多的实验检查证实HPVB19 感染引起新生儿溶血。方法 :对45例用PCR方法确诊为HPVB19 感染 (已除外ABO血型不合、Rh阳性、G -6PD酶缺陷症、地中海贫血、败血症、弓形虫、单纯疱疹病毒、风疹病毒、CMV及乙肝病毒等感染 )的新生儿病理性黄疸患儿进行结合珠蛋白 (Hp-Hb)、游离血红蛋白、间接胆红素、直接胆红素、在不同程度上血红蛋白 (Hb)、尿胆元及网织红细胞检查。结果 :45例HPVB19 感染患儿均存在红细胞破坏增多和红细胞生成增多的证据。结论 :在新生儿溶血性黄疸患儿中存在HPVB19 感染     

小巨核细胞免疫酶标染色在鉴别骨髓增生异常综合征和巨幼细胞贫血中的意义

①目的探讨小巨核细胞免疫酶标染色在鉴别骨髓增生异常综合征(MDS)和巨幼细胞贫血(MegA)中的意义.②方法采用碱性磷酸酶-抗碱性磷酸酶桥联免疫酶标(APAAP)法,对30例MDS和34例MegA病人骨髓涂片染色,观察巨核细胞阳性率并计数,并与33例正常骨髓进行比较.③结果小巨核细胞在MDS中的阳性率为93.3%,在MegA中的阳性率为23.8%,差异有极显著意义(x2=31.56,P＜0.01);二者均明显高于正常对照组(12.3%),差异有显著性(x2=48.94,13.69,P＜0.01).MDS中小巨核细胞数量为每片34个,MegA中小巨核细胞数量为每片4.8个,两者比较,差异有显著性(u=78.24,P＜0.01);两组与正常对照组(每片0.3个)比较,差异均有极显著性(u=648.56,432.78,P＜0.01).MDS中的小巨核细胞以淋巴样小巨核细胞、单圆核小巨核细胞为主;MegA中的小巨核细胞为单圆核、多核小巨核细胞,未见淋巴样小巨核细胞.④结论小巨核细胞免疫酶标染色在MDS和MegA的鉴别诊断中有重要意义.