Bionomics of Anopheles stephensi Liston in the malarious area of Hormozgan province, southern Iran, 2002

Anopheles stephensi Liston is an important malaria vector in Hormozgan province, where it is the most prevalent anopheline mosquito. It shows two annual activity peaks, one in spring and another in the autumn. In mountainous areas the second peak starts earlier than in coastal regions. Adults are endophilic and endophagic, but in the hot season when people sleep outside buildings they frequently bite outdoors. Larvae are found in a wide-range of habitats, both natural and man-made. All three biological forms of the species, occur in the province, i.e. An. stephensi stephensi (type form), An. stephensi mysorensis, and the intermediate form. An. stephensi mysorensis is found only in rural-mountainous areas, whereas the type and intermediate forms occur in urban-coastal regions and the rural plains, with the type form predominant. The presence of the type form in urban areas and mysorensis in rural areas is consistent with the available epidemiological data for malaria in the region and with the finding in India that the type form is an efficient malaria vector inhabiting urban areas whereas mysorensis is rural and has a lower vectorial capacity. Insecticide susceptibility tests on field collected adult mysorensis and adults from laboratory strains of the type and intermediate forms were carried out according to WHO standard methods. These showed that all three forms are susceptible to bendiocarb, propoxur, malathion, fenitrothion, deltamethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, and lambdacyhalothrin, but are resistant to DDT and show low level of tolerance to dieldrin. Examination of the larvicidal activity of malathion, fenitrothion, temephos and chlorpyrifos at diagnostic doses showed that these stephensi forms are susceptible to all larvicides except fenitrothion. Irritability tests to pyrethroid insecticides showed high levels of irritability to permethrin and lambdacyhalothrin, but low irritability to cyfluthrin and deltamethrin. The importance of these findings for the epidemiology and control of malaria in the region are discussed.     

《伤寒论》“烦”“躁”证的辨证论治

本文以《伤寒论》中对＂烦＂、＂躁＂的辨证论治为出发点,从心烦、先烦、爆烦、微烦、反烦等若干方面,对烦躁证进行分析。虽然＂烦＂、＂躁＂均属《伤寒论》中的一证,但是治疗路径多样化,应结合具体脉证、认真分辨,确保准确无误。     

Factor Analysis of the Aberrant Behavior Checklist in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Exploratory factor analysis (varimax and promax rotations) of the aberrant behavior checklist-community version (ABC) in 275 individuals with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) identified four- and five-factor solutions which accounted for >70% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis (Lisrel 8.7) revealed indices of moderate fit for the five-factor solution. Our results suggest that the factor structure of the ABC is robust within an ASD sample. Both solutions yielded a three items self-injury factor. Stratifying on this factor, we identified significant differences between the high- and low-self injury groups on ABC subscales. The emergence of a self-injury factor, while not suggestive of a new subscale, warrants further exploration as a tool that could help dissect relevant neurobiobehavioral groups in ASD.     

Brief report: Can irritability act as a marker of psychopathology?

Irritability is ubiquitous in child and adolescent psychopathology. This study aimed to determine if the Affective Reactivity Index (ARI), a measure of irritability, could be used to screen for psychopathology in adolescents. The clinical sample comprised 31 adolescents with a DSM-IV diagnosis. The control sample was 31 gender and age matched adolescents recruited through schools. Both samples completed a test battery that included the Affective Reactivity Index. The clinical participants reported significantly higher levels of irritability than the control sample by both self- and parent-report. Using ROC analysis a cut off value of 4 on the self-report ARI was found to be optimal for indicating psychopathology; with a specificity of 77.4% and a sensitivity of 77.4%, the area under the curve was 0.86. This paper provides evidence to suggest that irritability may be used as a general predictor of psychopathology in adolescents.     

Irritability in an open-door pediatric psychiatric emergency service in a middle-income country

BackgroundIrritability is a main reason for referral of a child to a pediatric emergency. Few psychiatric services are dedicated to care for children and adolescents in middle income countries. Thus, there is not a clear picture about the real needs of an emergency unit to optimize the service's demands. This study aims to describe a sociodemographic profile of children and adolescents in a psychiatric emergency service due to complaints of irritability.MethodsIn total, 2,255 medical records were reviewed from patients referred within a year at an emergency department of a mental health service for children and adolescents. Patients with and without irritability were compared in terms of sociodemographic features, psychiatric complaints and associated somatic and psychiatric disorders.ResultsAbout 30% of youths attending at this service had irritability. Most were boys (67%) with an average age of 12.6 years (±3.9). Irritability was associated with a diagnosis of mood disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder.LimitationsThere are concerns about the setting in which data was collected, since it might have some time restrictions and data imprecision.ConclusionIrritability was a frequent complaint taking children and adolescents to the emergency department. This symptom co-occurs with several psychiatric disorders. These findings support the trans-nosographic view of irritability, in particular its co-occurrence with neurodevelopmental disorders.     

Sagittal knife cuts in the far-lateral hypothalamus reduce sexual receptivity in female hamsters

We have previously shown that hypothalamic knife cuts confined to the sagittal plane lateral to the medial anterior hypothalamus-ventromedial nucleus can disrupt sexual receptivity in female golden hamsters. In the present study we have compared the effects of varying the lateral position of sagittal cuts located at this same rostral-caudal level. Near-lateral (NL) cuts were placed at or just lateral to the fornix, while far-lateral (FL) cuts were placed at the lateral edge of the medial forebrain bundle. Ovariectomized, estradiol benzoate plus progesterone-treated females were given weekly tests for lodosis before and after hypothalamic cuts. Changes in body weight and agonistic behavior were also recorded. Both NL and FL cuts reduced lordosis in response to both manual stimulation and a sexually active male. Postoperatively, it was more difficult to elicit lordosis from these females, and if elicited, the duration of the response was reduced. NL, but not FL, cuts also increased agonistic behavior, and produced obesity. Since both NL and FL cuts severed axons traveling in the region of the supraoptic commissures (SOC), these data support our hypothesis that these SOC connections are critical for sexual receptivity. The SOC carry both efferents and afferents of the ventromedial hypothalamus. Sagittal-plane cuts which interrupt the SOC may disrupt lordosis by cutting either or both types of connection.     

Increased irritability: A permanent behavior change induced in the rat by intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine

Intraventricular injection of 2 doses of 300 g of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into rats induced an increased reactivity to exogenous (non-painful) stimuli. This increased irritability lasted more than 4 months (the longest period studied) and consisted of crying, hissing, urination, defecation, standing in an upright posture, biting and panic jumping. The degree of irritability was inversely correlated with the level of brain norepinephrine (NE). The uptake of ³H-NE into all brain regions studied was decreased after administration of 6-OHDA. The rate of ³H-NE decay from the brain stem (hypothalamus, medulla-pons) was delayed 1 week and accelerated 9 weeks after 6-OHDA administration. The decay of ³H-NE from the residual parts of the brain was enhanced both 1 and 9 weeks after 6-OHDA injection. Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide and meprobamate suppressed the increased irritability at doses which did not cause muscle relaxation. The normalization of the behavior produced by diazepam was accompanied by a normalization of the rate of ³H-NE decay both in the brain stem and the residual parts of the brain. The neuroleptics chlorpromazine and haloperidol were effective in abolishing the increased irritability only at strongly sedative doses.     

空调器隔尘网灰尘中发现棕脊足螨

目的了解芜湖地区不同场所空调器隔尘网中棕脊足螨的污染情况。方法于2013年6-9月采集芜湖市食堂、商场、酒店和家庭的空调器隔尘网灰尘,检获其中的棕脊足螨。结果共收集430份空调器隔尘网积尘样本,其中阳性标本98份,阳性率22.79%,不同场所的空调器隔尘网中棕脊足螨的孳生率差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.294,P0.05);样本总重量为510.5 g,共检出棕脊足螨783只,平均孳生密度为1.53只/g。结论芜湖地区空调器隔尘网中有棕脊足螨孳生,且孳生情况较严重。     

急性复方苯乙哌啶中毒30例临床分析

目的总结纳络酮救治急性复方苯乙哌啶中毒患者的治疗效果和不良反应。方法对30例急性复方苯乙哌啶中毒的患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果30例急性复方苯乙哌啶患者全部成功救治,治愈率100％。结论钠络酮救治急性复方苯乙哌啶中毒效果明显,成功率高,并发的不良反应可以控制。