胆色素结石患者胆道系统幽门螺杆菌研究

目的探讨幽门螺杆菌（Hp）感染与胆色素结石形成的关系。方法取35例胆色素性结石患者（实验组）及10例对照组患者胆汁进行需氧菌、厌氧菌及Hp培养，采用PCR方法检测胆囊管黏膜、胆管黏膜、胆汁和胆石核心中的Hp-DNA；所有黏膜用Warthin-Starry银染色法染色，Western印迹法检测胆汁中Hp感染相关蛋白。结果所有胆汁培养均未发现Hp生长。实验组胆石核心、胆汁和黏膜的Hp-DNA扩增阳性率分别为14．29％、31．43％和56．67％。Hp-DNA阳性胆汁中，检出细胞毒素相关抗原（Cag A）7例，细胞空泡毒素（Vac A）6例，同时检出Hp Vac A相关亚单位（相对分子质量37000）、糖蛋白（相对分子质量35000）、尿素酶B和尿素酶A。实验组30例胆管黏膜经Warthin-Starry染色后有7例（23．33％）镜下观察到类似Hp的菌体。对照组胆汁和黏膜Hp-DNA阴性，胆汁中未检出Hp感染相关蛋白，黏膜Warthin-Starry染色后，镜下未观察到类似Hp的菌体。结论胆色素结石患者胆道系统中存在Hp感染依据，并存在多种Hp感染相关蛋白，Hp感染可能参与胆色素性结石的形成。     

Management of gallstones and gallbladder disease in patients undergoing gastric bypass

The appropriate management of gallstones and gallbladder disease in patients undergoing gastric bypass remains unknown.Several therapeutic modalities are used and include performing cholecystectomy on all patients at the time of gastric bypass,performing concomitant cholecystectomy only when patients have gallstones and performing cholecystectomy only in the presence of both symptoms and gallstones.Some groups administer ursodeoxycholic acid for gallstone prevention in the postoperative period.All treatment...     

腹腔镜胆总管探查一期缝合与T管引流的疗效比较

目的探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开探查术（laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE）后胆管一期缝合的可行性及适应证。方法回顾性分析我院2002年6月至2008年5月成功施行LCBDE79例的临床资料,比较胆管一期缝合26例（缝合组）与T管引流53例（引流组）的临床疗效。结果手术时问和总并发症发生率两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,缝合组的住院费用、术后住院时间和恢复工作时间明显少于引流组（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。缝合组胆漏2例,无结石残留;引流组胆漏3例,结石残留1例。引流组拔T管引起胆漏并胆汁性腹膜炎2例。随访期间两组均无胆管狭窄和结石复发。结论LCBDE一期缝合与T管引流相比,住院费用少,术后住院时间短,恢复快,安全可行,但必须严格掌握适应证。     

Calcium carbonate gallstones in children

Background

In the United States, cholesterol stones account for 70% to 95% of adult gallstones and black pigment stones for most of the remainder. Calcium carbonate stones are exceptionally rare. A previous analysis of a small number of pediatric gallstones from the north of England showed a remarkably high prevalence of calcium carbonate stones. The aims of this study were to analyze a much larger series of pediatric gallstones from our region and to compare their chemical composition with a series of adult gallstones from the same geographic area.

Methods

A consecutive series of gallbladder stones from 63 children and 50 adults from the north of England were analyzed in detail using Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy. Demographic and clinical data were collected on all patients. The relative proportions of each major stone component were assessed: cholesterol, protein and calcium salts of bilirubin, fatty acids, calcium carbonate, and hydroxyapatite.

Results

Thirty-nine (78%) adults had typical cholesterol stones, 7 (14%) had black pigment bilirubinate stones, and only 2 (4%) had calcium carbonate stones. In contrast, 30 (48%) children had black pigment stones, 13 (21%) had cholesterol stones, 15 (24%) had calcium carbonate stones, 3 (5%) had protein dominant stones, and 2 (3%) had brown pigment stones. In children, cholesterol stones were more likely in overweight adolescent girls with a family history of gallstones, whereas black pigment stones were equally common in boys and girls and associated with hemolysis, parenteral nutrition, and neonatal abdominal surgery. Calcium carbonate stones were more common in boys, and almost half had undergone neonatal abdominal surgery and/or required neonatal intensive care.

Conclusion

The composition of pediatric gallstones differs significantly from that found in adults. In particular, one quarter of the children in this series had calcium carbonate stones, previously considered rare. Geographic differences are not the major reason for the high prevalence of calcium carbonate gallstones in children.     

The fate of patients who undergo “preoperative” ERCP to clear known or suspected bile duct stones

Background  There is debate as to whether recurrent biliary complications are more common in patients who do not have elective cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) management of common bile duct (CBD) stones. The aim of this study was to determine the fate of patients with intact gallbladders who have had CBD stones removed at ERCP, and to assess their risk of recurrent biliary symptoms. Methods  We retrospectively identified all patients in our large tertiary center population with intact gallbladders who had an ERCP for CBD stones from December 1999 to March 2002. We determined which patients had subsequent elective cholecystectomy, and the outcomes of patients who did not have elective surgery. Results  309 patients had CBD stones at ERCP during the study period, of which 139 had intact gallbladders at the time of ERCP. Of these 139 patients 59 had subsequent elective cholecystectomy, 11 by open operation and 48 laparoscopically. Of these 139 patients, 27 had cholecystectomy planned; 47 patients were managed with a wait-and-see strategy, 30 of whom were poor surgical candidates. Of these 47 patients in whom a wait-and-see policy was adopted, 9 (19%) developed complications including recurrent pain and/or abnormal liver function tests (LFTs), recurrent biliary colic, and pancreatitis. Eight of these nine patients were from the poor surgical candidate group. Sphincterotomy had been performed at initial ERCP in all patients. Conclusions  Over half of our population of 139 patients with CBD stones at ERCP and intact gallbladders had actual or planned elective cholecystectomy. For those patients in whom a decision to wait-and-see was made, almost 20% developed complications. Elective cholecystectomy after a finding of choledocholithiasis is supported by many and is a common strategy in our experience. Recurrent biliary complications are relatively common in those who do not undergo elective cholecystectomy, especially those patients who represent a high operative risk.     

Almost Routine Prophylactic Cholecystectomy During Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass is Safe

Background Morbidly obese patients are at high risk to develop gallstones, and rapid weight loss after bariatric surgery further enhances this risk. The concept of prophylactic cholecystectomy during gastric bypass has been challenged recently because the risk may be lower than reported earlier and because cholecystectomy during laparoscopic gastric bypass may be more difficult and risky. Methods A review of prospectively collected data on 772 patients who underwent laparoscopic primary gastric bypass between January 2000 and August 2007 was performed. The charts of patients operated before 2004 were retrospectively reviewed regarding preoperative echography and histopathological findings. Results Fifty-eight (7.5%) patients had had previous cholecystectomy. In the remaining patients, echography showed gallstones or sludge in 81 (11.3%). Cholecystectomy was performed at the time of gastric bypass in 665 patients (91.7%). Gallstones were found intraoperatively in 25 patients (3.9%), for a total prevalence of gallstones of 21.2%. The age of patients with gallstones was higher than that of gallstone-free patients (43.5 vs 38.7 years, p < 0.0001). Of the removed specimens, 81.8% showed abnormal histologic findings, mainly chronic cholecystitis and cholesterolosis. Cholecystectomy was associated with no procedure-related complication, prolonged duration of surgery by a mean of 19 min (4–45), and had no effect on the duration of hospital stay. Cholecystectomy was deemed too risky in 59 patients (8.3%) who were prescribed a 6-month course of ursodeoxycolic acid. Conclusion Concomitant cholecystectomy can be performed safely in most patients during laparoscopic gastric bypass and does not prolong hospital stay. As such, it is an acceptable form of prophylaxis against stones forming during rapid weight loss. Whether it is superior to chemical prophylaxis remains to be demonstrated in a large prospective randomized study.     

Tiny cystine stones in the gallbladder of a patient with cholecystolithiasis complicating acute cholecystitis: a case report

Cystine stones, the main component of which is cystine, are very common urinary calculi, but are rare in the gall bladder. In animals, there has been only one report of cystine gallstones in tree shrews, and to our knowledge, this is the first report of cystine gallstones in humans.     

胆囊结石的内镜微创治疗与开放式胆囊切除术的比较观察

目的：探讨胆囊结石的内镜微创治疗与开放式胆囊切除术的疗效差异。方法：回顾性分析本院近年来收治的80例胆囊结石患者的临床资料。结果：治疗组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、住院时间等指标均要明显小于对照组,经统计学比较分析,差异具有统计学意义,P〈0.05,而两组患者的并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义,P〉0.05。结论：与开放式胆囊切除术比较,内镜微创治疗胆囊结石有创伤小、痛苦少、恢复快的优点,值得临床推广使用。     

Role of oral cholecystography,real-time ultrasound,and CT in evaluation of gallstones and gallbladder function

The capacity of oral cholecystography (OCG), real-time ultrasound (RUS), and computed tomography (CT) to detect gallstones and to analyze their size, number, and composition was tested preoperatively in 37 patients undergoing elective cholecystectomy. Gallbladder response to a standard meal was also evaluated by OCG and RUS. Gallstones were analyzed chemically for calcium, cholesterol, and bilirubin content. The results show that RUS is the most valuable test for detecting gallstones and is similar to OCG in measuring their size and number, whereas CT underestimates the stone size. Gallbladder function in terms of contractability can be evaluated by RUS and OCG, but RUS provides useful information even if the gallbladder is not opacified at OCG. CT is more accurate than OCG in detecting the presence of calcium, and CT attenuation numbers are positively correlated with calcium content of the stone (r=0.87,p<0.01).