硕士研究生培养年限改革的制度变迁理论分析

任何制度变化在初期总是会出现很多不尽如人意的问题，本文试图用新制度经济学中的制度变迁理论来分析三年制硕士到两年制硕士培养制度转变的必然性以及出现的问题。     

纤维支气管镜在婴儿呼吸系统疾病中的诊治价值

目的 探讨纤维支气管镜在婴儿呼吸系统疾病中的诊治价值及其安全性。方法 回顾我院收治的52例婴儿行75例次的纤支镜检查及治疗，其中〈1个月23例，1个月～1岁29例。结果 明确诊断气道狭窄5例，食道气管瘘4例，肺出血5例；肺泡灌洗液细菌培养18例次，13例次有细菌生长。阳性率72．296；肺不张13例，以炎症为主（88．296），治愈率为92．396；难治性肺炎16例，治愈率87．5％。结论 纤维支气管镜在小婴儿呼吸系统疾病中具有诊断及治疗双重作用，且其安全性好，值得推广。     

柔性牙龈赝复材料的耐老化实验研究

目的　评价HR 1型柔性牙龈赝复材料的老化性能。方法　测定由HR 1型柔性牙龈赝复材料制备的试样在浸入人工唾液 1年及 2年后试样的扯断强度和邵氏A硬度的变形情况。结果　 37℃人工唾液老化 1年后 ,扯断强度均值下降 7% ,无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;老化 2年后 ,扯断强度均值下降 12 % ,有显著差异 (0 .0 1

0 .0 5 )。结论　HR 1型柔性牙龈赝复材料具有良好的耐老化性能     

Forearm fractures in children. Single bone fixation with elastic stable intramedullary nailing in 20 cases

We present our experience with elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) used in the single bone fixation of both bones forearm fractures in children. From May 2002 to July 2004, 20 children (14 boys and 6 girls), median age of 10 years (range 6–15 years) were treated with ESIN for 16 closed and 4 grade I open forearm fractures. All patients were reviewed clinically at a median follow-up of 20 months (range 6–30 months). All fractures were radiologically united at a median of 6.7 weeks (6–9 weeks). The median operating time was 35 min (range 25–60 min). The median hospital stay was 2 days (range 1–3 days). Removal of the nails was undertaken in all 20 children at a median of 19 weeks (range 16–24 weeks) post-operatively. At follow-up, a full range of elbow and wrist movements were found in all cases. There was no clinically significant rotational deformity in any case. ESIN seems to be a safe method in the treatment of single bone fixation of both bones forearm fractures in children between 6 and 15 years of age.     

Development of a new access device for transgastric surgery

Flexible endoscope-based endoluminal and transgastric surgery for cholecystectomy, appendectomy, bariatric, and antireflux procedures show promise as a less invasive form of surgery. Current endoscopes and instruments are inadequate to perform such complex surgeries for a variety of reasons: they are too flexible and are insufficient to provide robust grasping and anatomic retraction. The lack of support for a retroflexed endoscope in the peritoneal cavity makes it hard to reach remote structures and makes vigorous retraction of tissues and organs difficult. There is also a need for multiple channels in scopes to allow use of several instruments and to provide traction/countertraction. Finally, secure means of tissue approximation are critical. The aim was to develop and test a new articulating flexible endoscopic system for endoluminal and transgastric endosurgery. A multidisciplinary group of gastrointestinal physicians and surgeons worked with medical device engineers to develop new devices and instruments. Needs assessments and design parameters were developed by consensus. Prototype devices were tested using inanimate models until usable devices were arrived at. The devices were tested in nonsurvival pigs and dogs. The devices were accessed through an incision in the wall of the stomach and manipulated in the peritoneal cavity to accomplish four different tasks: right upper quadrant wedge liver biopsy, right lower quadrant cecal retraction, left lower quadrant running small bowel, and left lower quadrant exposure of esophageal hiatus. In another three pigs, transgastric cholecystectomy was attempted. The positions of the device, camera, and endosurgical instruments, with and without ShapeLock technology, were recorded using laparoscopy and endoscopy and procedure times and success rates were measured. Instrument design parameters and their engineering solutions are described. Flexible multilumen guides which could be locked in position, including a prototype which allowed triangulation, were constructed. Features of the 18-mm devices include multidirectional mid body and/or tip angulation, two 5.5-mm accessory channels allowing the use of large (5-mm) flexible endosurgical instruments, as well as a 4-mm channel for an ultraslim prototype video endoscope (Pentax 4 mm). Using the resulting devices, the four designated transgastric procedures were performed in anesthetized animals. One hundred percent of the transgastric endosurgical procedures were accomplished with the exception of a 50% success for hiatal exposure, a 90% success rate for wedge liver biopsy, and a 33.3% success rate for cholecystectomy. A new endosurgical multilumen device and advanced instrumentation allowed effective transgastric exploration and procedures in the abdominal cavity including retraction of the liver and stomach to allow exposure of the gallbladder, retraction of the cecum, manipulation of the small bowel, and exposure of the esophageal hiatus. This technology may serve as the needed platform for transgastric cholecystectomy, gastric reduction, fundoplication, hiatus hernia repair, or other advanced endosurgical procedures. Presented at the Forty-Sixth Annual Meeting of The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract, Chicago, Illinois, May 14–18, 2005 (oral presentation). Partially funded and supported by USGI Medical, San Clemente, California.     

The economic impact of incorporating flexible endoscopy into a community general surgery practice

Background Flexible endoscopy is a vital component of gastrointestinal surgery. It has and will replace many of the surgical procedures now commonly performed. Flexible endoscopy, unfortunately, is not an integral part of surgical residency training based on resident operative experience as reported by the Residency Review Committee. Moreover, general surgeons have deferred the practice of flexible endoscopy to the gastroenterologists because of concerns over turf battles and referral patterns. The purpose of this study was to assess the overall case load and the economic impact of flexible endoscopy on the practice of general surgery in a community hospital setting.Methods This retrospective review was performed over a 6-month period. The total cases and the total billings of inpatient and outpatient procedures for a group practice of five general surgeons in a community hospital were evaluated. The billings were the actual charges based on current procedural terminology (CPT) codes for these procedures using the Medicare fee schedule.Results Of the 2,159 procedures performed, 1,154 involved flexible endoscopy cases accounting for 54% of all cases (1,154 of 2,159) performed from February 1, 2003 to July 31, 2003. Flexible endocopy accounted for 43% of the total charges. A. total of 46 surgical procedures and 216 future endoscopies were generated from the flexible endoscopic procedures. Future endoscopic cases were for surveillance of colonic neoplasia and Barrett’s esophagus.Conclusions Flexible endoscopy contributed to a major portion of the caseload and revenue generated by the general surgery group studied. The overall impact of flexible endoscopy is even greater than reported because of the future endoscopic surveillance cases or surgical interventions generated on the basis of endoscopic findings.     

Usefulness of Flexible Colonoscopic Microwave Coagulation Therapy for a Colorectal Anastomotic Stricture

PURPOSE: Several methods of treatment for benign anastomotic strictures after anterior resection have been described. We describe a simple, safe, effective, and inexpensive method for treating benign colorectal anastomotic stricture by means of microwave coagulation under flexible colonoscopic visualization. METHODS: Eighteen patients with rectal or rectosigmoidal cancer underwent low anterior resection or anterior resection without colonic pouch and colorectal anastomosis by a double-stapling technique with PCEEA. Two of 18 patients (11.1 percent) developed an anastomotic stenosis. A microwave electrode was passed through the biopsy channel of the flexible colonoscope. Under flexible colonoscopic visualization, microwave irradiation was performed at four points (3, 6, 9, and 12 oclock) in the stricture site because of granulation scar to obtain an adequately coagulated area. No bougies were performed thereafter. RESULTS: The anastomotic strictures could be dilated adequately, the patients could defecate satisfactorily, and their abdominal distentions and bowel symptoms were resolved. No complications occurred. No occurrence of restricture has been observed. CONCLUSION: Flexible endoscopic, microwave coagulation therapy is a useful, simple, effective, and safe method for the treatment of benign colorectal anastomotic strictures.     

Twelve-hour shift on ITU: a nursing evaluation

This paper describes the introduction and subsequent evaluation of a 12-h shift system in a large ITU in the northeast of UK. To date, only a small number of studies has evaluated nurses working the 12-h shifts in critical care areas. To evaluate the level of staff satisfaction, data were collected by means of a questionnaire involving 41 nurses, at 3 months following the introduction of the 12-h shifts. The responses from the evaluation advocated the continuation of 12-h shifts with alternative shift patterns for nurses who felt dissatisfied with the current system. Twelve-hour shifts can be seen as a flexible system for nurses working in intensive care and may assist with staff satisfaction and improving nurse recruitment and retention.     

小儿难治性肺炎147例支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌培养及药敏分析

目的分析经纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)采样的支气管肺泡灌洗液细菌分离病原学及耐药性特点,及其在难治性肺炎诊治中的意义。方法2004-01—2006-04,对重庆医科大学附属儿童医院呼吸科住院的147例病程迁延、疗效不佳、病因不明的难治性肺炎患儿在静脉复合麻醉下行纤支镜术,进行支气管肺泡灌洗,收集标本进行培养,并与入院时痰培养结果比较。结果147例灌洗液标本中分离出细菌86株/80例。其中革兰阴性(G-)菌36株,前3位为肺炎克雷伯菌(8株)、铜绿假单胞菌(7株)、大肠埃希菌(6株),产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌株12株,多重耐药株15株;革兰阳性(G )菌1株;真菌15株;咽部正常菌群34株。余67例无菌生长。147例患儿在入院时行痰培养,分离出细菌115株/109例,其中G-菌67株,前3位为副流感嗜血杆菌、卡他布兰汉菌、流感嗜血杆菌;G 分离菌15株;真菌7株;咽部正常菌群26株。38例无菌生长。痰液和灌洗液二者培养结果一致25例(17%)。结论对于病情复杂迁延、疗效不佳的下呼吸道感染,及早进行支气管肺泡灌洗对明确病原、指导抗生素的合理应用有重要意义。     

Being Efficient About Efficacy Estimation

I consider Bob O’Neill's important role in promoting regulatory science and, in particular, through the very influential series of lectures he gave in Basel more than 20 years ago, the effect on statistics in European regulation and ultimately on regulatory science in the United States. I provide a simple model of disappointment in drug development. I consider three approaches to improving efficiency in drug development and conclude that there are simple things we could be doing to reduce the cost with which information is obtained in drug development.