外固定架治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的总结桡骨远端粉碎性骨折的外固定架治疗疗效。方法从1995年～2003年采用外固定架治疗桡骨远端粉碎性骨折46例,并进行随访。结果治疗后均随访1年,术后按Dienst评分,优良率为83．3％。结论外固定架固定牢靠,可早期活动腕关节,是治疗桡骨远端粉碎性、开放性骨折的有效方法。     

股骨远端骨折锁定钢板断裂原因分析及处理

目的探讨股骨远端骨折锁定钢板内固定失效的原因及防治措施。方法对2007年5月~2012年6月共14例应用锁定钢板固定失败的股骨远端骨折患者的临床资料进行分析,其中男9例,女5例,年龄27~68岁,平均39.2岁,骨折内固定术后1~8月(平均5.6个月)锁定钢板断裂。钢板断裂者均采用钢板螺钉取出术,5例予交锁髓内钉内固定,9例再次锁定钢板固定,均同时取自体髂骨移植植骨治疗。结果二次术后14例均获得随访,术后随访9~24月,平均14月,13例获得骨性愈合,1例二次锁定钢板固定患者于二次术后8月再次发生钢板断裂,予行钢板螺丝钉取出、交锁髓内钉固定治疗,再次手术后6月获骨性愈合。膝关节功能按Kolment评分标准:优4例,良9例,差1例。断裂原因具有多样性,5例钢板选择过短,9例存在螺钉置入密度过大,8例内侧皮质粉碎、缺失,4例因过早负重,2例因锻炼时摔伤而导致内固定失败。结论锁定钢板内固定失效的原因通常与对锁定钢板的适应证掌握不全,骨折端过度剥离、复位不良或内侧皮质存在缺损及术后功能锻炼不当有关。因此,选择合适的内固定物,注重植骨,加强术后康复指导、避免过早负重可有效预防及治疗股骨远端骨折钢板内固定失败。     

Effect of high NaCl intake on Na+ and K+ transport in the rabbit distal convoluted tubule

Morphological studies have demonstrated that a chronic increase in distal Na⁺ delivery causes hypertrophy of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT). To examine whether high NaCl-intake also causes functional changes in the well defined DCT, we measured transmural voltage (V _T), lumen-to-bath Na⁺ flux (J _Na(LB)), and net K⁺ secretion (J _K(net)) in DCTs obtained from control rabbits and those on high NaCl-intake diets. The lumen negativeV _T was significantly greater in the high NaCl group than in the control group. The net K⁺ secretion (pmol mm^–1 min^–1) was greater in the high NaCl-intake group (54.1±13.0 vs 14.7±5.6). The K⁺ permeabïlities in both luminal and basolateral DCT membranes, as assessed by the K⁺-induced transepithelial voltage deflection inhibitable with Ba²⁺, were increased in the experimental group. The lumen-to-bath²²Na flux (pmol mm^–1 min^–1) was also greater in the experimental group (726±119 vs 396±65). TheV _T component inhibitable with amiloride was also elevated in the high NaCl-intake group. Furthermore, Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase activity of the DCT was higher in the experimental than in the control group. We conclude that high NaCl intake increases both Na⁺ reabsorption and K⁺ secretion by the DCT. This phenomenon is associated with an increased Na⁺–K⁺-ATPase activity along with increased Na⁺ and K⁺ permeabilities of the luminal membrane, and an increase in the K⁺ permeability of the basolateral membrane. Cellular mechanisms underlying these functional changes remain to be established.     

A simple method for multiple fluid exchange

A simple device for fluid exchange is described, which allows the exchange of an unlimited number of solutions at low (10–1000 nl/min) constant perfusion rate. The applicability of the system has been tested in microperfusion experiments of rat distal tubules. At a luminal perfusion rate of 40 nl/min, the lag time was some 20 sec and 80 % fluid exchange time some 3 sec. Simple modification allows further reduction of the lag time. Under control conditions, the potential difference across the late distal tubule (PDte) approaches –19.4±2.5 mV (n = 27). Increase of luminal potassium concentration from 5.4 to 40 mmol/l hyperpolanzes PDte to –29.9±4.3 mV (n = 8). Amiloride (10 mol/l) leads to a reversible depolarization to –3.2±1.0 mV (n = 19), barium (1 mmol/l) to a reversible hyperpolarization to –25.8±2.6 mV (n = 19). As expected, PDte is largely created by amiloride sensitive sodium channels and is partially blunted by barium sensitive potassium channels.     

经皮微创植入锁定钢板治疗胫骨远端骨折

目的探讨应用胫骨远端锁定钢板经皮微创植入治疗胫骨远端骨折的疗效。方法自2010年1月~2012年12月应用小切口植入胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗32例胫骨远端骨折,男19例,女13例,年龄13~77岁,平均39.8岁。其中开放性骨折4例,闭合性骨折28例,均为新鲜骨折。结果 29例获得随访,随访时间6~15个月,平均11.7个月。所有骨折均愈合,平均愈合时间为13.6周,均无感染、骨不连、钢板松动等并发症。按照Mazur踝关节功能评分:优19例,良8例,可2例,优良率为93.1%。结论微创钢板内固定手术创伤小,固定可靠,骨折愈合率高,符合生物学固定原则。     

正常成人上呼吸道CT测量及其意义

目的：确定正常人的上呼吸道CT扫描下各平面的横截面积、经线长度以及咽壁厚度，为临床服务。方法：无明显睡眠呼吸疾病史的成年人（男115、女110），采用Philips Tomoscan AV Expander E1螺旋CT，对鼻咽顶部到声门之间的区域进行连续扫描，测量软腭后区、悬雍垂后区、舌后区和会厌后区的气道横截面积、失状径、冠状径、咽侧壁和咽后壁软组织厚度，以单侧95％可信区间确定各测量指标的参考值。结果：在上呼吸道各个扫描平面，绝大多数气道的形状均为横椭圆形，冠状径大于失状径，在软腭后区、悬雍垂后区、舌后区和会厌后区中，失状径大于冠状径者分别占总人数的3．11％、10．67％、0．8％和0％。各年龄组间比较，绝大多数测量指标差异不显著，男子组和女子组间比较，除软腭后区外，大多数测量指标差异显著。故分别制定了男、女各测量指标的还范围。结论：成人上呼吸道CT测量以及正常范围的确定为临床判定OSAS患者上呼吸道解剖性狭窄的部位提供了客观依据，男性OSAS发病率明显高于女性有其相关的生理基础。     

The clinical utility of a decision-aid to facilitate the use of the hand in real-life activities of patients with distal radius fractures: A case study

BackgroundOccupation-based intervention (OBI) in hand therapy has shown superior benefits in patient-reported performance and physical measures; however, only a few studies have used OBI. We developed a decision-aid to promote the use of an injured hand in the real world (Aid for Decision-making in Occupation Choice for hand; ADOC-H)PurposeTo investigate the clinical utility of the ADOC-H (paper version) in patients with distal radius fractures.Study DesignA prospective case series and a clinical survey for occupational therapists.MethodsThis study comprised a prospective patient case series of 8 patients with distal radius fractures, treated using Volar locking plates, and a clinical survey of 4 experienced occupational therapists.ResultsNo patient or therapist complaints or drop-outs were reported. Active range of motion (wrist), Grip strength, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores improved for all patients. The ADOC-H induced 158 activities using the injured hand, with activities of daily living (69.8%) selected earlier in the treatment period, and instrumental activities of daily living (63.3%) selected later. The feedback and case studies suggested that the ADOC-H was useful for patients who were afraid of using the hand and, interestingly, patients who were able to use their hand without pain or other problems. The clinical survey showed that most therapists found the ADOC-H effective in facilitating real-life use of an injured hand.ConclusionsThe ADOC-H paper version is an useful tool that can be applied to facilitate patients with distal radius fractures to use their injured hands in real-life settings.