立体着床模型--小鼠囊胚与子宫内膜的共培养

目的:建立小鼠囊胚体外着床的三维模型,为着床机制的研究提供重要工具.方法:将小鼠囊胚与其自身子宫内膜分别共培养在空气、含500,750和950 mL/L O2的混合气体与组织培养液的气液界面上,比较不同O2浓度下小鼠囊胚的贴附率,确定体外共培养的最佳O2浓度;同时将确认有囊胚贴附的子宫内膜取出作HE染色.结果:不同O2浓度下,囊胚的贴附率分别为64.75%,47.86%,42.37%和30.97%,x2检验提示其差异有显著性(x2=28.145,P=0.000);且随着混合气体中O2浓度的逐渐升高,囊胚贴附率呈逐渐降低趋势.因此50 mL/L CO2 950 mL/L空气对囊胚与子宫内膜的共培养是最有利的;同时,囊胚贴附子宫内膜后并无扩展行为而是直接侵入子宫内膜.结论:50 mL/L CO2 950 mL/L空气最有利于囊胚与子宫内膜的共培养;且囊胚贴附子宫内膜后不发生外延生长,而是直接侵入子宫内膜.本实验成功地建立了小鼠囊胚体外着床的三维模型.     

Spectrum of looping disturbances in stage 34 chicken hearts after retinoic acid treatment

Background: In a recently developed chick model the teratogen retinoic acid has appeared to induce a spectrum of double outlet right ventricle, which needs further detailed evaluation. It is known that retionic acid is able to induce cardiac malformations. Although the exact mechanism is not known, an interaction with neural crest cell function is thought to exist. Methods: After treatment with 1 μg all-trans retinoic acid at Hamburger and Hamilton stage 15 and reincubation until stage 34 of development 41 chicken embryos were evaluated macroscopically and microscopically, supported by graphic reconstructions. These retinoic acid treated embryos were compared with a control group (n = 8). Results: The retinoic acid treated embryos could be divided in three groups. Group 1 (23/41) had an intact septum, group 2 (11/41) had an isolated ventricular septal defect (VSD), and group 3 (7/41) had a double outlet right ventricle (DORV). Besides, in the group with an intact septum 11 hearts showed an abnormal course of the subaortic outflow tract. In the group with DORV a straddling tricuspid orifice (7/8) and a double inlet left ventricle (1/8) could be distinguished. Considering the external contour, the hearts in the DORV group all showed a dextroposed arterial pole. Malformed pharyngeal arch arteries were found in all three groups (11/41) and with a great diversity. Conclusions: The present cardiac malformations in the chicken as a result of retinoic acid treatment are part of a continuous spectrum, varying from hearts with an intact ventricular septum and a normal course of the subaortic outflow tract to a double outlet right ventricle with a straddling tricuspid orifice or even a double inlet left ventricle. A remarkable observation in this spectrum concerns the correlation of malformations of the inflow and outflow tracts, which is explained as a cardiac looping disturbance. The disturbance of the looping process seems to lead to malalignment of septal components, although, in the chick, retinoic acid does not in general interfere with the formation of these septal components themselves. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

第二产程产妇自由体位分娩效果的研究

目的 探讨产妇在第二产程中采取自由体位对分娩效果及舒适瘦的影响。方法 随机将152例初产妇分为观察组77例和对照组75例。观察组产妇在第二产程根据产妇的意愿采取半卧位、侧卧位、蹲位、坐位等自由体位，接生时采用半卧蹲坐位。对照组产妇采取床头抬高30°的截石位分娩。比较2组第二产程的长度及产后的舒适度。结果 观察组第二产程较对照组缩短（P〈0．01），产后双下肢酸痛、麻木不适较对照组显著减轻，舒适度增加。结论 第二产程自由体位可有效缩短产程并缓解分娩体位的不适。     

1 108例终末期肾脏疾病血液透析病人原发疾病构成及相关因素分析

目的 回顾性研究终末期肾脏疾病（end stage renal disease，ESRD）血液透析病人原发疾病构成及其相关因素。方法 收集ESRD血液透析病人1108例，分析其原发疾病构成、年龄、性别、透析治疗持续时间、转归、生存率和死亡原因。结果 301例病人透析时间超过3个月，其中43．9％仍在进行血液透析治疗，最长者已存活13年；13．0％病人已行肾脏移植；19．9％转至外院治疗；7．3％改为腹膜透析；1．3％因经济困难放弃治疗；14．6％病人死亡。ESRD维持性血液透析病人1年生存率为93．53％，3年生存率为68．92％。5年生存率62．51％。死亡原因为心血管事件占54．5％，脑血管意外占20．5％。结论 本组病人以中、老年为主，男性多见。ESRD血液透析病人主要原发疾病为慢性肾小球肾炎，主要死亡原因为心血管事件和脑血管意外。     

阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者血管活性肠肽与睡眠质量的关系

为明确阻塞型睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征 (OSAHS)患者清醒及不同睡眠期血中血管活性肠肽 (VIP)质量浓度与睡眠质量之间的关系 ,以 1 2例OSAHS患者为研究对象 ,在桡动脉内留置导管监测血压 ,同步进行夜间多导睡眠仪连续记录 ,并分别于睡前清醒时、非快动眼 (NREM)睡眠期、快动眼 (REM )睡眠期及清晨从桡动脉留置的导管内抽取血标本 ,采用放免分析法检测VIP。结果 :1 )睡前清醒时及清晨血VIP质量浓度与总睡眠时间和记录时间之比(TST/TRT ,睡眠效率 )成正相关 (r =0 .5 91 ,P <0 .0 5 ) ,与醒觉时间和记录时间之比 (Arousal/TRT)成负相关 (r =-0 .5 86,P <0 .0 5 ) ;以睡前清醒时作基础值 ,NREM期血VIP质量浓度的变化与快波睡眠和总睡眠时间之比 (Ⅰ +Ⅱ /TST)成负相关 (r=-0 .65 6,P <0 .0 5 ) ,与快动眼睡眠时间和总睡眠时间之比 (REM/TST)成正相关 (r =0 .70 5 ,P <0 .0 1 ) ,REM期血VIP质量浓度的变化与REM/TST成正相关 (r=0 .60 9,P <0 .0 5 ) ;2 )OSAHS患者清醒与不同睡眠期血中VIP质量浓度与最长呼吸暂停时间和睡眠呼吸暂停指数 (AHI)成正相关 ,与血氧的有关指标无相关性。提示 :VIP可能参与OSAHS患者睡眠的调节     

胚胎玻璃化冷冻技术的临床应用(附成功分娩1例报道)

目的 探讨胚胎玻璃化冷冻技术的临床应用效果。方法 运用玻璃化冷冻技术保存75例患者的397个胚胎，复苏13例69个胚胎，并根据患者的情况进行胚胎移植。结果 69个胚胎中，丢失3个，存活26个，存活率为39，4％。复苏后8例患者因胚胎质量差未移植，另外5例患者共移植了14个胚胎，其中1例获得单胎妊娠，分娩1名健康女要。结论 玻璃化冷冻技术简便、经济，并能够有效地冻存人类早期胚胎，可成为胚胎冷冻方法的另一个选择。     

CT引导下无水乙醇阻滞双侧腹腔神经丛治疗腹部癌性疼痛的评价

目的探讨CT引导下腹腔神经丛无水乙醇阻滞治疗腹部癌性疼痛的价值。方法对无法切除和无法有效止痛的12例晚期上腹部癌症病例，CT引导下以无水酒精10-15毫升实施双侧腹腔神经丛阻滞。评价其止痛效果、不良反应、生存质量等。结果疼痛完全缓解7例，部分缓解3例，患者仅口服或肌注曲马多即能止痛．有效率83.3％；6例完全或部分缓解持续3个月，1例持续4．3个月。全部病例精神状态、饮食和睡眠明显好转。结论CT引导下腹腔神经丛无水乙醇阻滞可较有效地解除上腹部顽固性的癌性疼痛。     

The evidence for physiologic management of the active phase of the first stage of labor

The active phase of first stage labor is generally defined as the period between 3 cm to 4 cm to complete cervical dilatation, in the presence of regular uterine contractions. Most women will experience this portion of labor within hospital obstetric units, where care commonly features restriction to bed, electronic fetal monitoring, early treatment of "slow" labors, and few pain management options beyond epidurals and narcotics. However, the available evidence on appropriate care for healthy childbearing women favors activity in labor, intermittent auscultation, patience from caregivers, and nonpharmacologic methods of pain relief. This article reviews the evidence for care practices that support physiologic labor. Modifying intrapartum care to reflect current evidence will improve women's health, and will require a multilevel approach and consistent midwifery demonstration of the model.     

腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术对卵巢控制性超促排卵的影响

目的探讨腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术对卵巢控制性超促排卵(controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, COH)的影响.方法对161例(172周期)既往开腹或腹腔镜确诊的子宫内膜异位症合并不育患者行体外受精-胚胎移植术COH和助孕结局进行回顾性分析.其中42例(43周期)未行卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,为非囊肿剔除组;55例(59周期)曾行开腹卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,为开腹组;64例(70周期)曾行腹腔镜卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,为腹腔镜组.结果 3组间年龄、卵泡数、获卵数、受精率、优质胚胎数、移植胚胎数无显著性差异(P>0.05).非囊肿剔除组临床妊娠率41.5%(17/41),腹腔镜组33.3%(23/69),开腹组25.5%(14/55),差异无显著性(χ2=2.754,P=0.252).86例(90周期)行单侧卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术,其中开腹组(37周期)手术侧卵巢的主导卵泡数(4.41±4.02)低于对侧卵巢(6.14±4.37)(t=-2.364,P=0.024).腹腔镜组(53周期)手术侧卵巢主导卵泡数(3.33±3.50)明显低于对侧卵巢(6.40±3.61)(t=-5.358,P=0.000).结论腹腔镜和开腹卵巢子宫内膜异位囊肿剔除术均可影响卵巢COH.