Corticocortical connections between frontal periarcuate regions and visual areas of the superior temporal sulcus and the adjoining inferior parietal lobule in the macaque monkey

In macaque monkeys, corticocortical connections between distinct parietotemporal visual areas (areas MST–FST, DP, and 7a) and frontal periarcuate areas are studied using tritiated aminoacids and WGA-HRP. While labeling within the banks of the principal sulcus, the dorsal part of the arcuate concavity, and the banks of the upper arcuate limb were present in both 7a and MST–FST injected animals; in the latter cases, additional projections were found towards frontal regions including the dorsomedial frontal cortex and the posterior bank of the arcuate ventral limb. Our results point to widespread frontal connections of the MST–FST complex, involving both prefrontal and premotor cortical regions.     

Long-term effects of anterograde degeneration on astroglial reaction in the rat geniculo-cortical system as revealed by computerized image analysis

Summary Changes in the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein by astrocytes in the primary visual cortex of adult albino rats were analyzed with immunohisto-chemistry after unilateral destruction of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. An increase in number of glial fibrillary acidic protein-immunoreactive astrocytes could be detected in the visual cortex of the side ipsilateral to the lesion in the short-term survival group (7–11 days post lesion), but this increase was extremely reduced after a postlesional survival time of 150 days. The quantitation of the glial response by image analysis showed, that the initial increase was mainly localized in the cortical layers II–IV, where the geniculo-cortical input terminates. The transient nature of this process was revealed by the measurements in the long-term survival group, where differences between experimental and control sides were substantially reduced. We conclude, that the remote glial response in the visual cortex is transient and that its disappearance indicates the end of a postlesional adaptation period in the neuropil.     

Synaptic relationships between axon terminals from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus and layer III pyramidal cells in the prelimbic cortex of the rat

A combined study of anterograde axonal degeneration and Golgi electron microscopic technique was designed to examine the distribution and density of axon terminals from the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) over layer III pyramidal cells in the prelimbic cortex of the rat. The reconstructive analysis of serial ultrathin sections of gold-toned apical and basal dendrites of layer III pyramidal cells showed that degenerating thalamocortical axon terminals from MD formed asymmetrical synaptic contacts predominantly with dendritic spines of the identified basal dendrites as well as apical dendrites. There was little difference in the numerical density of thalamocortical synapses from MD per unit length of both apical and basal dendrites.     

The parabrachio-subfornical organ projection in the rat

Previous physiological studies have shown that both the parabrachial nucleus and the subfornical organ are involved in drinking behavior and cardiovascular controls. The purpose of the present work was to study the direct connections between these two structures by using anterograde and retrograde transport methods. A mixture of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and free horseradish peroxidase or Fluorogold was injected into either the parabrachial nucleius (PBN) or the subfornical organ (SFO). The results indicated that the parabrachial nucleus sends a substantial projection to the entirety of the subfornical organ, and this input appears to be distributed to both the central and peripheral regions of this structure. Neurons that give origin to this projection are mainly located in the outer layer of the lateral division of the parabrachial nucleus, including the superior, internal, dorsal, and external lateral subnuclei. These findings suggest that, besides the already known connections, there is an additional parabrachao-subfornical pathway that may be involved in the central integration of cardiovascular function and drinking behavior.     

Efferent projections from the region of the medial zona incerta containing A13 dopaminergic neurons: a PHA-L anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat

Potential efferent projections of A₁₃ dopaminergic (DA) neurons were identified in the present study by examining the distribution of labelled fibers following iontophoretic injection of the anterogradely transported lectinPhaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) into the medial zona incerta (MZI), the region of the diencephalon containing A₁₃ DA neuronal perikarya. One week after injection, PHA-L labelled fibers were found throughout the brain with the heaviest labelling occurring ipsilateral to the injection site in the anterior hypothalamic area, lateral hypothalamus, lateral preoptic area, horizontal diagonal band of Broca, and parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus. Moderate labelling was observed in the ipsilateral median preoptic nucleus, lateral septum, lateral aspect of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and central nucleus of the amygdala. Moderate labelling was also found in the contralateral MZI and parvocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus. Light labelling was detected in the ipsilateral medial preoptic area, supraoptic nucleus, ventromedial nucleus, arcuate nucleus, vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca, and in the contralateral lateral hypothalamus. Few immunopositive fibers were present in the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus or the magnocellular region of the paraventricular nucleus. These results reveal that neurons located in the MZI (possibly A₁₃ DA neurons) have ipsilateral efferent axonal projections to a variety of brain regions including the lateral hypothalamus, lateral preoptic area, and the limbic structures at the diencephalic-telencephalic juncture.     

静脉穿刺后改良拔针法的应用研究

目的为了减轻病人的痛苦，进一步提高护理质量，研究、改良静脉穿刺后拔针法。方法选择2008年5～6月在医院门诊治疗室输液治疗病人200例，随机分为常规组和改良组，每组100例。常规组以传统方法实施静脉穿刺后拔针操作，改良组以改良方法实施静脉穿刺后拔针操作，观察、统计病人的疼痛反应、血管周围瘀血和针眼出血情况。结果两组病人针眼出血情况经比较无显著性差异（P〉0．05），疼痛反应和血管周围瘀血现象常规组与改良组比较有高度显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论静脉穿刺后改良拔针法有临床应用价值，可推广使用。     

A simple method for insertion of multiple catheters through a single venipuncture site

We have recently developed a technique for the insertion of multiple catheters or electrodes through a single venipuncture site. This technique has been applied in 22 consecutive cases without significant bleeding or hematoma at the site of insertion.     

Pulmonary and aortic punctures--complications of an attempt at internal jugular venipuncture

A case of pulmonary and aortic punctures occurred during an attempted internal jugular venipuncture in a patient with a dilated aortic arch. Procedural errors contributing to the complications included an inexperienced operator, inappropriate medial and caudal angulation of the needle, and failure to use a "finder" needle or Seldinger technique. Use of proper procedural technique will reduce the risk of complications in performing this procedure.