家兔脊髓向延髓外侧网状核投射的体部定位——HRP顺行法研究

本实验用HRP顺行传递法研究了家兔脊髓向外侧网状核的纤维投射,结果是: 1.颈、胸和腰髓都有少数的神经元发出纤维投射于双侧的三叉神经下亚核。 2.颈、胸和腰髓至外侧网状核的投射都是双侧性的,但颈髓以同测投射为主,腰髓以对侧投射为主,胸髓至双侧的投射无明显差别。 3.脊髓神经元主要投射于外侧网状核的尾侧半,有体部定位关系。颈髓投射于大细胞亚核的外侧3/5及相邻的部分小细胞亚核;胸髓投射于大细胞亚核的内侧3/5及相邻接的部分小细胞亚核;腰髓投射于小细胞亚核及相邻接的一部分大细胞亚核,相互间有部分重叠。     

大鼠腰骶髓中间带外侧核向臂旁核的投射——BDA顺行追踪研究

为了解贫办脏器感觉信息的传递道路，用结合生物素的葡聚糖妥作为顺行追踪剂，研究了大鼠腰骶髓中间带外侧核向脑桥臂旁核的投射。将ＢＤＡ注射酝中间带外侧核后，顺行标记的轴突终末出现于双侧的臂旁核，同侧略大。大量的ＢＤＡ标记的轴突终末出现于臂旁外侧核的外侧内核和外侧中央核，少量分布于外侧背核。     

Assessment of sex differences in children's and adolescents' self-reported pain from venipuncture.

Examined venipuncture pain and anxiety among 90 male and 90 female children and adolescents (5 to 17 years) who were attending a hospital laboratory. The purpose of the study was to assess sex differences in pain. Ss reported state anxiety and expected pain prior to having venipuncture and sensory and affective pain following venipuncture. Analysis of data determined that male and female were alike regarding age, state anxiety, expected pain, and perceived sensory and affective venipuncture pain. From analysis of pain estimation errors, it was found that males were significantly more likely to underestimate pain and females were significantly more likely to overestimate pain. These findings were discussed in terms of implications for coping research and for clinical practice.     

Early terminal degeneration of cerebellar climbing fibers after destruction of the inferior oliver in the rat. Synaptic relationships in the molecular layer

Summary The cerebellar molecular layer in adult rats has been studied with the electron microscope at several early and consecutive survival times following 3-acetylpyridine intoxication. Climbing fiber (CF) terminals underwent a fast process of electron-dense degeneration which became apparent from 16 hours onwards. A small proportion of degenerating terminals were depleted of vesicles and filled with a dark flocculent and granular homogeneous matrix. Microtubular changes in degenerating CF tendrils were observed. CF terminals were found in relation with every Purkinje cell in normal animals and completely disappeared within 72 hours after the treatment. CF synapses were found on Purkinje dendritic and somatic thorns, sometimes also on the dendritic shafts or even on the Purkinje soma. Convincing evidence of synaptic contacts of CF varicosities on either basket or stellate cells could not be obtained. CF synapses with Golgi II cell dendrites in the molecular layer were described. Decrease in the number of post-synaptic dendritic thorns normally assigned fo CF synapses was observed consequential to CF anterograde degeneration. The observations are consistent with previous conclusions drawn from light microscopic studies that the clearing up of CF debris in the molecular layer is completed within the short time of three days, and that the inferior olive seems to be the only source of CFs.     

Dendritic invagination of developing optic tract axons in the hamster

Summary Between E15 and P4 in the hamster, axons of retinal ganglion cells in the optic tract over the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus, are invaginated by, and make synaptic contacts with, small processes interpreted as tips or appendages of geniculate dendrites. In some cases a branch-like protrusion emerges from the axon at or close to the invagination. We hypothesize that the invaginations may be part of the mechanism by which retinocollicular axons are induced to branch and establish the retinogeniculate pathway.     

Fine structural survey of the intermediate subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii and its glossopharyngeal afferent terminals

The intermediate subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarii (imNTS) receives somatosensory inputs from the soft palate and pharynx, and projects onto the nucleus ambiguus, thus serving as a relay nucleus for swallowing. The ultrastructure and synaptology of the rat imNTS, and its glossopharyngeal afferent terminals, have been examined with cholera toxin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (CT-HRP) as an anterograde tracer. The imNTS contained oval or ellipsoid-shaped, small to medium-sized neurons (18.2×11.4 μm) with little cytoplasm, few cell organelles and an irregularly shaped nucleus. The cytoplasm often contained one or two nucleolus-like stigmoid bodies. The average number of axosomatic terminals was 1.8 per profile. About 83% of them contained round vesicles and formed asymmetric synaptic contacts (Gray’s type I), while about 17% contained pleomorphic vesicles and formed symmetric synaptic contacts (Gray’s type II). The neuropil contained small or large axodendritic terminals, and about 92% of them were Gray’s type I. When CT-HRP was injected into the nodose ganglion, many labeled terminals were found in the imNTS. All anterogradely labeled terminals contacted dendrites but not somata. The labeled terminals were usually large (2.69±0.09 μm) and exclusively of Gray’s type I. They often contacted more than two dendrites, were covered with glial processes, and formed synaptic glomeruli. A small unlabeled terminal occasionally made an asymmetric synaptic contact with a large labeled terminal. The large glossopharyngeal afferent terminals and the neurons containing stigmoid bodies characterized the imNTS neurons that received pharyngeal afferents.     

The origin and termination of the dentatorubral fibres in the cat as studied with retrograde and anterograde transport of peroxidase labelled lectin

Summary The dentatorubral projection in the cat was studied by means of retrograde and anterograde transport after implantations of crystalline wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the red and dentate nuclei, respectively. Our retrograde transport findings give evidence that rubral afferents originate in the contralateral dentate nucleus, mainly dorsally in its central part. The dentate implantations (with no contamination of the adjacent interposed nuclei) show that in the cat the great majority of the dentatofugal fibres leave the ipsilateral brachium conjunctivum to decussate below the red nucleus. Scattered crossing fibres also penetrate the contralateral red nucleus at all caudorostral levels on their way to the contralateral thalamus. Terminal fibres were found only in the rostral part of the red nucleus, but no retrogradely labelled rubral cells were observed. The findings are discussed in relation to previous studies on the dentatorubral projection.     

The development of the corticotectal pathway in the albino rat: transient projections from the visual and motor cortices

In rats ranging in age from the second postnatal day (23rd postconceptional day 23 PCD) to adulthood, we have studied the distribution of corticotectal terminals labelled anterogradely by unilateral injections of horseradish peroxidase (conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin) into the visual or motor cortices. No projection to the contralateral superior colliculus (SC) was observed. The earliest age at which the labelled axons and/or terminals from the visual cortex were observed in the ipsilateral SC was 25 PCD. At this stage the projection only involves the optic layer. From 28 to 34 PCD, the projection involves the optic layer, the intermediate layers and the deep part of superficial gray layer. Between 34 and 40 PCD the projection becomes restricted to the superficial laminae (i.e. adultlike). On the 23 PCD (the earliest age examined) we observed a projection from the motor cortex to the intermediate laminae and to a lesser extent the optic layer of the ipsilateral SC. By 34 PCD only the adult-like projection extending from the brachium to the periaqueductal gray (PAG) is apparent. The disappearance of the transient projections to the intermediate collicular laminae may be the result of withdrawal of ‘misprojecting’ axonal collaterals.     

猫红核和中脑中央灰质向下橄榄复合体的投射——WGA-HRP顺行追踪研究

分别向红核和中脑中央灰质注入5%WGA-HRP,顺行追踪它们向下橄榄复合体(IOC)的投射。本文证明:1.两者都向同侧IOC投射,且在IOC内未见逆行标记细胞。2.红核投射至下橄榄主核的背侧板及内侧副橄榄核尾侧半的背端部;中央灰质则投射至内侧副橄榄核的全部、主核腹侧板及腹侧板与背侧板的腹端移行部。其中,中央灰质向内侧副橄榄核的投射及红核向主核背侧板的投射,标记终末异常密集,其他部分则较稀疏。3.本文所见标记区,与文献报道脊髓向IOC的投射区有一定重叠。与以往报道的红核及中央灰质向IOC的投射区相比,范围较大。     

重度烧伤治疗中静脉穿刺置管的应用与维护

目的：探讨重症烧伤患者在治疗中静脉穿刺置管的应用与维护方法。方法：1998年1月至2003年10月间，我们对42例重症烧伤伴外周静脉穿刺困难的病人，根据不同的情况分别用五种方法进行了静脉置管输液治疗。结果：静脉导管留置时间最短7天，最长102天；有4例在应用期间发生导管脱出，19例发生穿刺点的红肿疼痛，2例发生静脉炎。根据不同情况选择不同的置管途径和方法，有效地保障了重症烧伤患者的输血、补液和抢救时的用药。结论：及时建立通畅的静脉通道，是重症烧伤患者抢救治疗的重要保障；根据不同的情况尽早采取外周或中心静脉穿刺置管，具有病人痛苦小、护理难度小、留置时间长、有利于输血、补液和抢救用药等优点。