石墨炉原子吸收标准加入法考察复方氨基酸注射液(18)中铝元素含量

目的考察18合复方氨基酸注射液中铝含量。方法采用石墨炉原子吸收法测定注射液中铝离子浓度。结果不同厂家样品的铝离子浓度存在很大差异。结论有必要对复方氨基酸注射液中铝浓度进行限度检查。     

Aluminium phosphide poisoning

We describe a lethal poisoning in a healthy woman caused by deliberate ingestion of aluminium phosphide (AlP), a pesticide used to kill rodents and insects. Toxicity of AlP and review of cases reported to the National Poisons Information Service (London) 1997-2003 are discussed.     

TCR vaccination in aluminum adjuvant protects against autoimmune encephalomyelitis

Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a neuroinflammatory, autoimmune disorder in which myelin-reactive Th1 T cells with a restricted TCRVbeta repertoire play a pathogenic role. Here, I show that an engineered single-chain TCR containing dominant TCRValpha/Vbeta encephalitogenic elements, when administered in aluminum adjuvant, generates a marked anti-TCR humoral response that correlated with protection against the development of EAE in Vbeta8-expressing B10.PL but not in Vbeta8-deficient SJL mice. sc-TCR/Al vaccination was highly efficient in preventing murine EAE in a TCR-specific manner through a mechanism involving anti-TCR B cells and/or antibodies. Collectively, these data have important implications for designing preventive or therapeutic strategies combining TCR vaccination with the use of aluminum adjuvant in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and other human autoimmune inflammatory diseases.     

Nec-1对铝致神经细胞凋亡和自噬的作用

目的观察和探讨在铝致神经细胞死亡中,坏死抑制剂1(Nec-1)对凋亡和自噬的作用。方法用体外原代培养小鼠神经细胞的方法,制造铝损伤神经细胞模型,然后用细胞活力检测、荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)、蛋白印迹(Western-Blot)以及流式细胞术等方法从多角度对Nec-1的作用进行研究。结果①流式结果显示,在Al3+(2mmol/L)作用于神经细胞后,随着Nec-1剂量的增加,细胞的凋亡率呈下降趋势,且差异有统计学意义(P0.05);②qRT-PCR结果显示,以Al3+(2mmol/L)为对照,Nec-1(60和90μmol/L)可使神经细胞的凋亡和自噬相关基因的表达呈显著性下降(P0.05);③Western-Blot结果显示,同Al3+(2mmol/L)组比,Nec-1(60和90μmol/L)组凋亡相关蛋白caspase-3的表达下降(P0.01),Nec-1(30和60μmol/L)可使自噬相关蛋白LC3-Ⅱ表达下降(P0.05)。结论在本试验条件下,Nec-1可减少铝导致的神经细胞凋亡和自噬,起到保护神经细胞的作用。     

磷酸铝凝胶联合泮托拉唑及凝血酶治疗上消化道出血疗效观察

目的:观察磷酸铝凝胶联合泮托拉唑、凝血酶治疗上消化道出血的临床效果.方法:选取上消化道出血住院病人80例,随机分为两组.治疗组40例,给予泮托拉唑40 mg静脉滴注,2次/日,磷酸铝凝胶20 g口服,3次/日;凝血酶1～2 kU溶于生理盐水20 ml中口服,日3次.对照组40例,给予泮托拉唑40 mg静脉滴注,2次/日,凝血酶1～2 kU溶于生理盐水20 ml中口服,3次/日.结果:治疗组总有效率97.5%,明显高于对照组85%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:磷酸铝凝胶联合泮托拉唑、凝血酶对于上消化道出血的疗效优于应用泮托拉唑加凝血酶.     

2012年邯郸市食品中铝含量监测结果分析

目的了解我市食品中添加剂硫酸铝钾（明矾）的使用情况,防止硫酸铝钾超量使用,为食品安全监管提供科学数据。方法对在食品制作过程中使用硫酸铝钾,较容易受到铝污染的食品进行随机采样。样品经粉碎、干燥、消化定容后,用铬天青s分光光度法检测,结果以干样品中铝计,执行标准为≤100mg／kg。结果共检测14个品种388份样品,其中216份样品合格,172份样品超标,合格率为55．7％。结论馒头、凉皮、米线、酵母粉、挂面检测全部符合国家标准,海蜇、油条油饼、粉条粉皮、凉粉铝污染较为严重,此次检测结果应引起有关职能部门重视。     

The Role of Chelation in the Treatment of Other Metal Poisonings

These proceedings will review the role of chelation in five metals—aluminum, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, and uranium—in order to illustrate various chelation concepts. The process of “chelation” can often be oversimplified, leading to incorrect assumptions and risking patient harm. For chelation to be effective, two critical assumptions must be fulfilled: the presumed “metal toxicity” must correlate with a given body or a particular compartment burden, and reducing this compartmental or the body burden (through chelation) attenuates toxicity. Fulfilling these assumptions requires an established dose–response relationship, a validated, reproducible means of toxicity assessment (clinical, biochemical, or radiographical), and an appropriate assessment mechanisms of body or compartment burden. While a metal might “technically” be capable of chelation (and readily demonstrable in urine or feces), this is an insufficient endpoint. Clinical relevance must be affirmed. Deferoxamine is an accepted chelator for appropriately documented aluminum toxicity. There is a very minimal treatment window in order to address chelation in cadmium toxicity. In acute toxicity, while no definitive chelation benefit is described, succimer (DMSA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetate (DTPA), and potentially ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) have been considered. In chronic toxicity, chelation is unsupported. There is little evidence to suggest that currently available chromium chelators are efficacious. Similarly, scant human evidence exists with which to provide recommendation for cobalt chelation. DTPA has been recommended for cobalt radionuclide chelation, although DMSA, EDTA, and N-acetylcysteine have also been suggested. DTPA is unsupported for uranium chelation. Sodium bicarbonate is currently recommended, although animal evidence is conflicting.     

Iron-Mediated Cardiotoxicity Develops Independently of Extracellular Hydroxyl Radicals in Isolated Rat Hearts

Background: Myocardial iron toxicity is often attributed to free radical damage. Present studies examine the role of extracellular hydroxyl radical formation in this process. Methods: In vitro reactions examined the rate of hydroxyl radical formation using salicylate trapping with high-pressure liquid chromatography separation and electrochemical detection of 2,3- and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. Isolated rat hearts were perfused by the Langendorff technique under the same buffer conditions to determine changes in myocardial contractility, release of tissue lactate dehydrogenase activity, and formation of lipid peroxidation products when iron was added to the perfusate with or without the formation of extracellular radicals. Results: In vitro reactions, performed in Krebs buffer alone or with addition of iron (25 μM), produced levels of hydroxyl radicals that were nondetectable with salicylate trapping. Addition of iron/ascorbate (FeSO₄ = 25 μM, ascorbate = 1 mM), or iron/ascorbate/histidine (FeSO₄ = 25 μM, ascorbate = 1 mM, histidine = 15 mM) produced significant and equivalent accumulation of hydroxyl radicals. Isolated rat hearts were perfused under the same 4 conditions. Control heart contractile function was stable with little release of lactate dehydrogenase activity and low levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). There was significant and equal injury to contractile function, release of lactate dehydrogenase activity, and accumulation of TBARS in hearts in the presence (iron/ascorbate) and absence (iron alone) of extracellular hydroxyl radicals. In addition, there was significant reduction in injury with iron/ascorbate/histidine, where the formation of extracellular hydroxyl radicals was equal to those observed with iron/ascorbate alone. Additional control hearts, perfused with histidine alone, showed stable heart function. Conclusions: These findings indicate that the extracellular formation of hydroxyl radicals is not responsible for iron-mediated cardiotoxicity.     

贵州省水城县地方性氟中毒病区骨软化畸形儿童铝氟及其他微量元素水平检测分析

目的 对贵州省水城县勺米乡与纸厂乡结合部地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)村聚集性骨软化畸形儿童进行氟(F)、铝(Al)等多种元素测定,结合临床表现进行病因学诊断.方法 2008年11月,对水城县纸厂乡与勺米乡结合部地氟病村寨骨软化畸形少年儿童聚集病例(病例组),在严格质量控制基础上,采集14个病例和同县非地氟病区13个同龄对照(对照组)的任意1次尿和枕部贴皮头发,进行氟(F)、铝(Al)、镉(Cr)、锰(Mn)、铁(Fe)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)、砷(As)、硒(Se)、锶(Sr)、钡(Ba)10种元素检测,数据用PEMS 3.1医学软件统计包进行处理.结果 病例组尿中F、Al、Mn、Cu、Sr、Se水平(1.18 mg/L,112.6 μg/L,6.62、29.86 mg/L,177.5、4.23ng/L)与对照组(0.48、47.1、2.04、16.61 mg/L,55.17、15.52 ng/L)比较,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.592、2.486、4.850、2.210、2.078、2.912,P均＜0.05).病例组头发中Al、Mn、As、Sr、Ba、Fe、Se水平(59.27、5.26、0.956、1.497、1.287、297.13、0.454 mg/kg)与对照组(18.69、0.72、1.094、0.621、0.675、69.022、1.323 mg/kg)比较,差异有统计学意义(t值分别为4.583、6.318、3.309、2.704、5.606、6.294,P均＜0.05).病例组尿中F与Al、Zn、As、Se的相关系数(r)均＞0.662(P均＜0.05),Al与Cu、Zn、As、Sr、Ba、Se的r均＞0.674(P均＜0.05),Se与Mn、Ba、Cu、Zn、Sr、As的r均＞0.694(P均＜0.05),Mn、Sr、As、Ba彼此之间r均＞0.550(P均＜0.05).病例组头发中Al与Mn、Cr、Fe、Cu、As、Se的r均＞0.732(P均＜0.05),Ba与Mn、Cr、Fe、Sr,Mn与Cr、Fe,Cr与As,Cu与Sr的r均＞0.686(P均＜0.05);对照组尿Cu与Zn、Se、Ba,Zn与Se、Ba,Cr与Mn、Ba的r均＞0.516(P均＜0.05);对照组头发中Al与Mn、Fe、Cu、As、Se,Se与Fe、Cu、As,Fe与Mn、Cu、As,Cu与Zn、As,Zn与As的r均＞0.739(P均＜0.05).病例组尿F与Se的r(0.762)与对照组(-0.469)比较,差异有统计学意义(u=2.079,P＜0.05).结论 水城县纸厂乡与勺米乡结合部地氟病病村寨骨软化畸形儿童的氟、铝负荷过高,尿和头发多种元素水平及其相关性分析与地方性铝氟中毒Al、F水平引起多种元素水平变化及其相关性呈网络样加强的现象一致,结合病人生活环境,有与铝氟中毒相同的骨X线表现,可诊断为地方性铝氟中毒.病人尿和头发Se水平降低及与F、Al等相关性有显著差异的生物学意义有待进一步探讨.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the levels of trace elements such as fluorine(F), and aluminium (Al)etc. of osteomalacia malformation children and to make etiological diagnosis in reference with clinical manifestations.Methods Urine and occipitalia hairs of 14 diseased children(patient group) from endemic fluorosis area and 13 healthy children(control group) from non-endemic area were included in the study on November, 2008, and contents of 10 elements of fluorine(F), aluminum(Al), chromium(Cr), manganese(Mn), ferrum(Fe), cuprum(Cu), zinc(Zn), arsenic (As), selenium(Se), strontium(Sr), and barium(Ba) were tested. The data were analyzed with medical soft package PEMS 3.1. Results Urinary contents of F, Al, Mn, Cu, Sr, and Se(1.18 mg/L, 112.6 μg/L,6.62,29.86 mg/L, 177.5,4.23 ng/L) in patient group were significantly different from those in control group (0.48,47.1,2.04,16.61 mg/L, 55.17,15.52 ng/L, t = 4.592,2.486,4.850,2.210 2.078,2.912, all P＜ 0.05); Hair contents of Al, Mn, As, Sr, Ba, Fe, and Se in patient group(59.27,5.26,0.96,1.50,1.29,297.13,0.45 mg/kg)were significantly different from those of control group( 18.69,0.72,1.09,0.62,0.68,69.02,1.323 mg/kg, t = 4.583,6.318,3.309,2.704,5.606,6.294, all P ＜ 0.05); in patient group, the correlation coefficients of urinary Fe to Al,Zn, As, and Se were all bigger tan 0.662(all P＜ 0.05), those of urinary Se to Mn, Ba, Cu, Zn, Sr, and As were all bigger than 0.694(all P＜ 0.05), those among urinary Mn, Sr, As, and Ba were bigger than 0.550(all P＜0.05), those of hair Al to Mn, Cr, Fe, and Cu were bigger than 0.732(all P＜ 0.05), those of hair Ba to Mn,Cr, Fe, and Sr, and of hair Mn to Cr and Fe, and those between Cr and As, between Cu and Sr were all bigger than 0.686 (all P ＜ 0.05). In control group, the correlation coefficients of urinary Cu to Zn, Se, and Ba, those of Zn to Se and Ba, and those of Cr to Mn and Ba were all bigger than 0.516(all P ＜ 0.05), those of hair Al to Mn,Fe, Cu, As, and Se, and those of hair Se to Fe, Cu, and As, those of hair Fe to Mn, Cu, and As, those of hair Cu to Zn and As, and that between Zn and As were bigger than 0.739(all P ＜ 0.05). The correlation coefficient of urinary F to Se in patient group(0.762) was significantly different from that in control group( - 0.469, u = 2.079,P ＜ 0.05). Conclusions The burden of F and Al of osteomalacia malformation children in endemic fluorosis area of Shuicheng county is too high. The contents of multi-elements in urine and hairs and their correlation are coincident with high levels of Al and F and they cause network increase of multi-element content changes and their correlation. According to bone X-ray features combining with the living environment, the diagnosis of endemic Al-F fluorosis can be made. The biological significance of reducing urinary and hair Se levels and the correlations of F and Al need to be further studied.