Tips in biliary stone removal using endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation

The use of limited endoscopic sphincterotomy with large balloon dilation (ESLBD) has recently been shown to be useful for removal of large common bile duct stones in a dilated bile duct. The technique can reduce the need of mechanical lithotripsy, risk of adverse events and costs of the procedure. The aim of the review is to provide an overview in the current status of ESLBD with particular focus on the technical aspects of the technique for bile duct stone removal.     

激光多普勒流量计观察单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠双侧肾皮质微循环血流变化

目的:用激光多普勒流量计观察单侧输尿管梗阻大鼠双侧肾皮质微循环血流的变化,探讨梗阻侧肾间质纤维化的发病机制及健侧肾的代偿机制。方法:成年雌性SD大鼠,随机分为假手术组和模型组。假手术组仅将输尿管游离但不结扎离断,模型组行单侧输尿管结扎术。术后第7、14和21天随机选取并处死各组中的6只大鼠,观察双肾病理学改变,并检测双侧肾皮质微循环血流。结果:H-E染色显示假手术组双侧肾各时间点肾单位结构正常,间质无增宽;模型组大鼠梗阻侧肾术后7 d出现早期间质纤维化的病理改变,并随梗阻时间延长逐渐加重;健侧肾小球系膜细胞增生并随代偿时间延长逐渐增多。肾皮质微循环血流,与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠健侧肾皮质微循环血流显著增加,梗阻侧肾皮质微循环灌注量先增加后进行性降低。结论:血液流变学改变、梗阻侧肾皮质微循环血流灌注量进行性减少是肾间质纤维化的发病机制之一;而健侧肾皮质微循环血流灌注量增高,在一定程度上有利于健侧肾的功能代偿。     

镜钬激光碎石术与微创经皮肾镜碎石术治疗输尿管结石的对比研究

目的：探讨输尿管上段结石采用微创经皮肾镜碎石术与输尿管镜钬激光碎石术治疗效果对比。方法选取输尿管上段结石患者80例,随机分组,就输尿管镜钬激光碎石术（ A组）与微创经皮肾镜激光碎石术（ B组）治疗效果进行对比。结果 A组手术时间、住院天数少于B组。 A组碎石成功率、结石排尽率均为92．5％,B组均为100％;A组并发症率为5％,B组为12％,差异有统计学意义（ P＜0．05）。结论采用的两种方法,均有优点。在输尿管上段结石中,输尿管镜钬激光碎石术并发症少,出血少,手术时间短,而微创经皮肾镜碎石法,有较高结石取尽率和排石成功率,故在结石停留时间长、结石较大的患者中较适用,需依据结石大小、部位、输尿管解剖、停留时间等,对微创方案进行选择。     

输尿管镜联合封堵取石导管治疗输尿管上段结石的对比研究

目的:研究输尿管镜联合英诺伟TMIVX-SC10/07封堵取石导管治疗输尿管上段结石的有效性及安全性。方法:回顾性分析输尿管镜联合封堵取石导管配合钬激光治疗组(A组,40例)与输尿管镜配合钬激光治疗组(B组,35例)的手术时间、并发症、残石率及影响因素。结果:两组碎石成功率主要与结石具体位置及有无息肉包裹相关,A组在手术时间及残石率方面明显优于B组,两组均无明显并发症。结论:输尿管镜联合封堵取石导管,能够更有效治疗输尿管上段结石,特别是位于骶髂关节上缘-第三腰椎(L3)段结石。     

Stenting for malignant ureteral obstruction: Tandem,metal or metal‐mesh stents

Extrinsic malignant compression of the ureter is not uncommon, often refractory to decompression with conventional polymeric ureteral stents, and frequently associated with limited survival. Alternative options for decompression include tandem ureteral stents, metallic stents and metal‐mesh stents, though the preferred method remains controversial. We reviewed and updated our outcomes with tandem ureteral stents for malignant ureteral obstruction, and carried out a PubMed search using the terms “malignant ureteral obstruction,” “tandem ureteral stents,” “ipsilateral ureteral stents,” “metal ureteral stent,” “resonance stent,” “silhouette stent” and “metal mesh stent.” A comprehensive review of the literature and summary of outcomes is provided. The majority of studies encountered were retrospective with small sample sizes. The evidence is most robust for metal stents, whereas only limited data exists for tandem or metal‐mesh stents. Metal and metal‐mesh stents are considerably more expensive than tandem stenting, but the potential for less frequent stent exchanges makes them possibly cost‐effective over time. Urinary tract infections have been associated with all stent types. A wide range of failure rates has been published for all types of stents, limiting direct comparison. Metal and metal‐mesh stents show a high incidence of stent colic, migration and encrustation, whereas tandem stents appear to produce symptoms equivalent to single stents. Comparison is difficult given the limited evidence and heterogeneity of patients with malignant ureteral obstruction. It is clear that prospective, randomized studies are necessary to effectively scrutinize conventional, tandem, metallic ureteral and metal‐mesh stents for their use in malignant ureteral obstruction.     

微创理念下慢性胰腺炎胰管结石的个体化治疗

目的 探讨在微创理念下采用ERCP或外科手术,个体化选择最适合的方案,改善慢性胰腺炎胰管结石的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析我院2007年2月至2014年3月采用ERCP介入或外科手术治疗慢性胰腺炎胰管结石38例患者的临床资料.结果 32例(84.2％)患者接受ERCP介入治疗,成功27例;11例(含5例内镜治疗失败者)采用外科手术治疗.完全ERCP组疼痛治疗有效率为85.2％ (23/27),手术组有效率为72.7％ (8/11).糖尿病和腹泻情况在ERCP及手术治疗前后无明显变化.未发生围手术期死亡病例.随访期间1例死于糖尿病肾衰,1例死于胰腺癌.结论 慢性胰腺炎胰管结石确诊后在微创理念下强调以个体化治疗为原则的综合治疗.采用内镜技术的微创治疗以及尽可能保留胰腺组织和功能的微创手术方式,均可以取得较为满意的治疗效果.     

经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的危险因素

【摘要】〓目的〓探讨降低经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的有效途径。方法〓回顾性分析2004年6月至2014年6月期间,在我院行经皮肾取石术的9332例肾结石患者的临床资料,术后并发尿源性脓毒症93例,对患者的年龄、性别、术前有无尿路感染以及经皮肾手术时间等一系列因素与脓毒症发生的关系进行分析。结果〓经单因素分析,女性患者(P<0.05)、结石>20 mm(P<0.05)、有糖尿病史(P<0.05)、术前未使用抗生素(P<0.05)与经皮肾取石术后脓毒症具有明显的相关性;经多因素回归分析,女性患者(P<0.05)、有糖尿病史(P<0.05)为经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的危险因素;经过积极治疗之后,有82例患者最终均痊愈出院,11例死亡,死亡原因为弥散性血管内凝血,全身多个器官发生功能衰竭。结论〓女性和有糖尿病史为经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的危险因素,对高危患者在手术之前进行抗感染治疗能够有效降低经皮肾取石术后脓毒症的发生。     

Laparoscopic Transcystic Choledochotomy with Primary Suture for Choledocholith

Methods:Laparoscopic transcystic choledochotomy and extraction of stones with primary suture was performed on 194 patients with gallbladder and CBD stones from October 1, 2009, through April 30, 2012. The cystic duct was left at a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm after removal of the gallbladder. The duct was longitudinally cut at its ventral side to the confluence with the CBD, and the anterior wall of the CBD was also cut longitudinally. A choledochoscope was then inserted via the enlarged opening, and the stones were extracted from the CBD. Finally, the CBD and cystic duct were closed by continuous mucous layer suture and seromuscular Lembert suture, respectively. The cystic duct was ligated close to the CBD and an abdominal drainage tube was placed.Results:All surgical procedures were successfully performed. The caliber at the confluence between the cystic duct and the CBD was 0.3 to 0.8 cm (SD 0.4 ± 0.1 cm), and the mini-incision of the CBD was 0.1 to 1.1 cm (SD 0.3 ± 0.2 cm). Abdominal drainage lasted 3 to 5 days. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in 55 patients showed no abnormal change in the CBD diameter. Two patients had bile leakage. Another patient had intermittent abdominal pain and jaundice 5 to 7 days postoperatively, and the retained stones spontaneously passed. The postoperative hospital stay was 6 to 13 days (SD 8 ± 2.1 days). Observation of 176 patients (90%) lasting 1 to 30 months (SD 11 ± 8 months) showed no recurrent stones or stricture of the CBD.Conclusion:The surgical procedure of laparoscopic transcystic choledochotomy and extraction of stones with primary suture is feasible and safe.