旅客列车空气品质评价现状及对策思考

目前对旅客列车空气品质方面的研究方法较为单一,如何综合有效地评价我国旅客列车空气质量水平成为亟待解决的问题。作者借鉴国内外室内空气品质评价研究方向,探讨主、客观评价相结合的旅客列车空气品质综合评价方法,希望有助亍更为全面、客观地衡量旅客列车总体空气质量水平,从而为进一步改善旅客列车空气品质提供理论依据。     

神经肌肉阻滞程度对上肢运动诱发电位的影响

目的 探讨不同神经肌肉阻滞程度对上肢前臂运动诱发电位(MEP)的影响.方法 随机选择40例自2007年1-3月期间于华山医院择期行神经外科手术的ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者,全麻诱导后均给予丙泊酚+芬太尼+维库溴铵全凭静脉麻醉,术中维持脑电双频指数(BIS)值于50±10,芬太尼以2μg·kg-1·h-1持续静脉输注,肌松维持用维库溴铵静脉持续输注并行TOF监测,分别于TOF4(TOF=4)、TOF2(TOF=2)及TOF0(TOF=0)时,监测上肢前臂各肌群的MEP,记录并比较潜伏期和波幅的变化.结果 随着肌松程度的不断增加,MEP的波幅显著减小(P<0.05),潜伏期在TOF2较TOF4差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而TOF0>绝大部分患者已无法记录到MEP波形(P<0.01).结论神经肌肉阻滞剂能明显抑制MEP的产生,且呈显著的剂量依赖性.     

卫生列车后送伤员手术的麻醉处理

目的探讨卫生列车后送伤员手术的麻醉原则与方法。方法根据现代高技术战争条件下伤员伤情的特点,针对卫生列车医疗队的救治任务,参照《战伤救治规则（2006版）》,结合模拟训练和实车演练,探讨卫生列车后送伤员手术的麻醉方法。结果全身麻醉效果确切、完善、迅速,气管内插管可保障气道的通畅,安全性高,同时列车运行时将明显影响椎管内麻醉的实施,因此全身麻醉为卫生列车伤员手术麻醉的首选方式。结论卫生列车特殊环境增加了后送中伤员救治的难度,同时对麻醉提出了更高的要求。麻醉处理的重点在于仔细评估伤情和重要器官功能,合理选择麻醉方式,加强麻醉中的监测与管理。     

军事训练致隐匿性膝关节损伤的低场MRI诊断

目的探讨低场MRI对军事训练所致隐匿性膝关节损伤的诊断价值。方法 52例经临床或手术证实、X线和CT检查均为阴性的军事训练膝关节损伤患者,采用0.35T永磁开放式MRI检查。结果发现骨挫伤28例,半月板损伤46例,交叉韧带损伤13例,副韧带损伤15例,关节软骨骨折6例,关节积液51例。结论低场MRI能较好地显示膝关节的半月板损伤、韧带损伤、关节软骨损伤、骨挫伤及关节腔积液等改变,对发现隐匿性的损伤及增加检出率很有帮助。     

The effect of descending theta rhythmic input from the septohippocampal system on firing in the supramammillary nucleus

The supramammillary nucleus (SUM) is part of an ascending pathway conveying behavior-dependent drive to the septal generator of limbic theta rhythm. The SUM is, however, reciprocally connected to the septohippocampal system and there is strong evidence that both septum and SUM are capable of generating theta rhythmic activity. The present study examined the possible role of a descending rhythmic input to the SUM using simultaneously recorded hippocampal EEG and SUM neuronal activity in anesthetized rats. Fourier based phase analysis was performed on recordings in which fast theta rhythmic activity was elicited by tail pinch and in which a slower theta rhythm persisted after cessation of the sensory stimulus. It was found that the firing of a subpopulation of SUM neurons followed the hippocampal theta waves with a constant time delay, rather than a constant phase, suggesting that during deceleration associated with a shift from sensory-elicited theta to spontaneous theta rhythm they followed a descending rhythmic input, most likely from the medial septum. Neurons of a second group, which fired at the hippocampal theta peaks, did not show such relationship demonstrating heterogeneity in the population of rhythmic SUM neurons and their possible roles in theta generation. Combined with previous studies focusing on the role of the ascending theta drive from the SUM, these results demonstrate dynamic bidirectional coupling between subcortical theta generators. Thus, during certain states, rhythmically firing SUM neurons lead the septal theta oscillator, in others the direction may reverse and SUM follows a theta drive of septal origin.     

Effects of various training modalities on blood volume

It is controversially discussed whether soccer games should be played at moderate (2001–3000 m) and high altitudes (3001–5500 m) or should be restricted to near sea level and low altitude (501–2000 m) conditions. Athletes living at altitude are assumed to have a performance advantage compared with lowlanders. One advantage of altitude adaptation concerns the expansion of total hemoglobin mass (tHb-mass), which is strongly related to endurance performance at sea level. Cross-sectional studies show that elite athletes posses ∼35% higher tHb-mass than the normal population, which is further elevated by 14% in athletes native to altitude of 2600 m. Although the impact of this huge tHb-mass expansion on performance is not yet investigated for altitude conditions, lowland athletes seek for possibilities to increase tHb-mass to similar levels. At sea level tHb-mass is only moderately influenced by training and depends more on genetic predisposition. Altitude training in contrast, using either the conventional altitude training or the live high–train low (>14 h/day in hypoxia) protocol for 3–4 weeks above 2500 m leads to mean increases in tHb-mass of 6.5%. This increase is, however, not sufficient to close the gap in tHb-mass to elite athletes native to altitude, which may be in advantage when tHb-mass has the same strong influence on aerobic performance at altitude as it has on sea level.     

过氧戊二酸对公共场所空气消毒效果分析

目的：通过使用低浓度的过氧戊二酸对教室和火车车厢的空气消毒和效果评价,探讨过氧戊二酸对公共场所空气消毒适用性及消毒作用持续时间.方法：选择某大学内的教室和某运行中的火车车厢作为消毒对象.在人员在现场,秩序正常的情况下,分别以62.5 mg/L和125mg/L浓度进行空气消毒,空气中的消毒液浓度为15 ml/m3,计算杀灭率和消毒效果持续时间.结果：消毒后空气中菌落总数显著下降,在消毒后100min菌落数达到最低值,其杀灭率达到92.35%,在消毒100min后菌落数开始回升.结论：低剂量过氧戊二酸对公共场所空气消毒效果显著,消毒后公共场所的空气质量达到国家标准,消毒作用持续时间可达100min以上,适用于公共场所的空气消毒.     

脉象模拟仪研制思路

脉诊在中医“望、闻、问、切”四诊中占很重要的地位,但是目前中医教学中脉诊教学难度大,学习者仅凭教师讲授,个人对语言文字的理解,在实践中摸索,缺乏对脉诊指感的直观、感性的认识。因此研制中医脉象模拟仪有其必要性。现就脉象模拟仪研制的必要性与研究思路进行了探讨,对中医脉诊的发展有一定启发。     

Interactive graphics in the analysis of neuronal spike train data

This paper describes an interactive graphics system developed to facilitate the investigation of complex relationships between experimental and theoretical data in the neurosciences. Graphics affords unique insights into data structure and model properties which are difficult to obtain using other computational media. The data under analysis consists of trains of spike-like electrical activity recorded from single nerve cells. The complete data base is organized into modular subunits to allow flexible and rapid positioning on data of interest. The graphics system was developed utilizing three available computers, an IMLAC $\text{PDS}\text{1D}$, an IBM $\text{360}\text{91}$, and a DEC $\text{PDP}\text{12}$. The IMLAC is the focal point of system interaction and is used to control the other two computers. There is a data path between the IBM $\text{360}\text{91}$ and the $\text{PDP}\text{12}$ through the IMLAC. The $\text{PDP}\text{12}$ collects, edits, and transmits the experimental data to the auxiliary storage of the IBM $\text{360}\text{91}$. The IBM $\text{360}\text{91}$ is a host for a FORTRAN graphics program using IMGRAF subroutines. The user, at the IMLAC, controls the flow of the graphics program at the IBM $\text{360}\text{91}$ as well as the data transmission from the $\text{PDP}\text{12}$. Using appropriate commands, new data can be acquired from the $\text{PDP}\text{12}$, analyzed immediately, and the results displayed on the screen. The interactive graphics program is structured as a resident executive with a number of phases available for overlay at execution. The major phases include data base generation, modeling, optimization, data processing and validation.     

Temporal strategy for discriminating noxious from non-noxious electrical stimuli by cortical and thalamic neural ensembles in rats

Considerable evidence supports that pain is encoded in a large, widespread network that consists of the thalamus, cortex, as well as limbic system. However, the temporal properties of the neural matrix in pain processing were largely unknown. In the present study, we simultaneously recorded thalamic and cortical neuronal discharges elicited by brief noxious or innocuous electrical stimulus in awake rats. The discrimination performance of the neural ensembles in differentiating noxious from innocuous inputs was calculated using different window sizes at the millisecond and second level, respectively. The results demonstrated that coding information emerged in a quantum-like manner; the minimum spike-train length for discriminating noxious from innocuous inputs was 40 ms. The nociceptive coding activity was temporally dynamic, and could be preserved for a relatively long time (3–4 s) within the thalamocortical loops, independent of the initial brief stimuli. These results suggest that the nociceptive signals may be reverberatory within the thalamocortical loops, hence keeping the neurosignature for central pain representation.