全文获取类型
收费全文 | 11277篇 |
免费 | 907篇 |
国内免费 | 225篇 |
专业分类
耳鼻咽喉 | 24篇 |
儿科学 | 232篇 |
妇产科学 | 70篇 |
基础医学 | 1299篇 |
口腔科学 | 312篇 |
临床医学 | 1738篇 |
内科学 | 2996篇 |
皮肤病学 | 72篇 |
神经病学 | 514篇 |
特种医学 | 488篇 |
外科学 | 803篇 |
综合类 | 1086篇 |
现状与发展 | 2篇 |
预防医学 | 1464篇 |
眼科学 | 60篇 |
药学 | 760篇 |
3篇 | |
中国医学 | 320篇 |
肿瘤学 | 166篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 15篇 |
2023年 | 251篇 |
2022年 | 305篇 |
2021年 | 637篇 |
2020年 | 564篇 |
2019年 | 527篇 |
2018年 | 532篇 |
2017年 | 418篇 |
2016年 | 374篇 |
2015年 | 378篇 |
2014年 | 729篇 |
2013年 | 885篇 |
2012年 | 549篇 |
2011年 | 630篇 |
2010年 | 471篇 |
2009年 | 499篇 |
2008年 | 494篇 |
2007年 | 480篇 |
2006年 | 439篇 |
2005年 | 322篇 |
2004年 | 301篇 |
2003年 | 260篇 |
2002年 | 229篇 |
2001年 | 198篇 |
2000年 | 148篇 |
1999年 | 125篇 |
1998年 | 107篇 |
1997年 | 136篇 |
1996年 | 136篇 |
1995年 | 106篇 |
1994年 | 111篇 |
1993年 | 93篇 |
1992年 | 89篇 |
1991年 | 92篇 |
1990年 | 83篇 |
1989年 | 59篇 |
1988年 | 63篇 |
1987年 | 65篇 |
1986年 | 51篇 |
1985年 | 77篇 |
1984年 | 68篇 |
1983年 | 40篇 |
1982年 | 53篇 |
1981年 | 34篇 |
1980年 | 39篇 |
1979年 | 29篇 |
1978年 | 22篇 |
1977年 | 29篇 |
1976年 | 16篇 |
1975年 | 14篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
The density dependence of the maximum expiratory flow-volume curve, functional residual capacity (FRC), and specific airway conductance (SGaw) were determined before and during bronchial provocation with ragweed extract in 27 subjects with ragweed hypersensitivity and a history of either bronchial asthma (16 subjects) or allergic rhinitis (11 subjects). Mean baseline SGaw was significantly lower while mean volume of isoflow (Visov) and FrC were significantly higher in subjects with bronchial asthma. During antigen challenge, 10 of 16 subjects with bronchial asthma (63%) and five of 11 subjects with allergic rhinitis (45%) showed a greater than 35% decrease in SGaw ("reactors"): mean relative decreases in SGaw from baseline were 46% and 53%, respectively. The remaining subjects showed a less than 35% decrease in SGaw ("nonreactors") with mean relative decreases of 9% (allergic asthma) and 6% (allergic rhinitis). Mean Visov increased in all subjects with bronchial asthma and in eight of 11 subjects with allergic rhinitis. A significant increase in FRC (6%) was seen only in the "reactors" with bronchial asthma. Following antigen challenge, the beta adrenergic agonist, isoetharine, increased SGaw and decreased Visov. We conclude that in asymptomatic subjects with ragweed hypersensitivity, (1) central and peripheral airway function is more abnormal in subjects with bronchial asthma than in subjects with allergic rhinitis, (2) subjects of both groups show quantitatively and qualitatively comparable airway responses during antigen challenge with a decrease in SGaw or an increase in Visov, possibly representing increase in central and/or peripheral airflow resistance, respectively, (3) Visov may be a more sensitive indicator of airway response to antigen challenge than SGaw, and (4) the bronchodilator effects of a beta adrenergic agonist on antigen-induced bronchospasm are similar in both groups. 相似文献
102.
Mechanotransduction of bone cells<Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis>: Mechanobiology of bone tissue 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Mullender M El Haj AJ Yang Y van Duin MA Burger EH Klein-Nulend J 《Medical & biological engineering & computing》2004,42(1):14-21
Mechanical force plays an important role in the regulation of bone remodelling in intact bone and bone repair. In vitro, bone
cells demonstrate a high responsiveness to mechanical stimuli. Much debate exists regarding the critical components in the
load profile and whether different components, such as fluid shear, tension or compression, can influence cells in differing
ways. During dynamic loading of intact bone, fluid is pressed through the osteocyte canaliculi, and it has been demonstrated
that fluid shear stress stimulates osteocytes to produce signalling molecules. It is less clear how mechanical loads act on
mature osteoblasts present on the surface of cancellous or trabecular bone. Although tissue strain and fluid shear stress
both cause cell deformation, these stimuli could excite different signalling pathways. This is confirmed by our experimental
findings, in human bone cells, that strain applied through the substrate and fluid flow stimulate the release of signalling
molecules to varying extents. Nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 values increased by between two- and nine-fold after treatment with pulsating fluid flow (0.6±0.3 Pa). Cyclic strain (1000
μstrain) stimulated the release of nitric oxide two-fold, but had no effect on prostaglandin E2. Furthermore, substrate strains enhanced the bone matrix protein collagen I two-fold, whereas fluid shear caused a 50% reduction
in collagen I. The relevance of these variations is discussed in relation to bone growth and remodelling. In applications
such as tissue engineering, both stimuli offer possibilities for enhancing bone cell growth in vitro. 相似文献
103.
Dynamic Mechanical Conditioning of Collagen-Gel Blood Vessel Constructs Induces Remodeling In Vitro 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
Dynamic mechanical conditioning is investigated as a means of improving the mechanical properties of tissue-engineered blood vessel constructs composed of living cells embedded in a collagen-gel scaffold. This approach attempts to elicit a unique response from the embedded cells so as to reorganize their surrounding matrix, thus improving the overall mechanical stability of the constructs. Mechanical conditioning, in the form of cyclic strain, was applied to the tubular constructs at a frequency of 1 Hz for 4 and 8 days. The response to conditioning thus evinced involved increased contraction and mechanical strength, as compared to statically cultured controls. Significant increases in ultimate stress and material modulus were seen over an 8 day culture period. Accompanying morphological changes showed increased circumferential orientation in response to the cyclic stimulus. We conclude that dynamic mechanical conditioning during tissue culture leads to an improvement in the properties of tissue-engineered blood vessel constructs in terms of mechanical strength and histological organization. This concept, in conjunction with a proper biochemical environment, could present a better model for engineering vascular constructs. © 2000 Biomedical Engineering Society.
PAC00: 8719Rr, 8714Ee, 8718-h, 8768+z 相似文献
104.
Reybrouck T. Weymans M. Stijns H. Knops J. van der Hauwaert L. 《European journal of applied physiology》1985,54(3):278-284
Summary The ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT) during graded exercise was defined as the oxygen uptake (
) immediately below the exercise intensity at which pulmonary ventilation increased disproportionally relative to
. Since VAT is considered to be a sensitive and noninvasive measure for evaluating cardiorespiratoy endurance performance,
the purpose of the present study was to determine normal values in children. We examined 257 healthy children (140 boys and
117 girls) varying in age from 5.7 to 18.5 years, during treadmill exercise. The data were analyzed in relation to sex and
age. In boys the lowest
(ml · min−1 · kg−1) was found in the youngest age group (5–6 year). In girls, on the other hand, no significant increase occurred with age.
For VAT, expressed as ml O2 · min−1 · kg−1 or as a percent of
a significant decrease was found in boys and girls with age. This suggests an increase in lactacid anaerobic capacity during
growth. In contrast to observations in adults, only low correlations were found between
and VAT (r=0.28 in boys and r=0.52 in girls), which suggests that the development of the underlying physiological mechanism does not occur at the same
rate in growing children. These data provide normal values for VAT that can be used for clinical exercise testing in the pediatric
age group. 相似文献
105.
Palmieri EA Palmieri V Innelli P Arezzi E Ferrara LA Celentano A Fazio S 《European journal of applied physiology》2005,94(1-2):113-117
In older healthy men, aerobic exercise capacity is related to postischemic flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery (FMD), but corresponding data in a younger population is not available. In addition, whether submaximal aerobic exercise performance also correlates with this kind of vasomotor reactivity is not known. Therefore, in 15 nonsmoking young healthy men [age 27 (5) years; body mass index: 24 (2) kg/m2; mean (SD)] with different levels of ordinary physical activity, but not performing upper-extremity training, we measured FMD at 1 min after reactive hyperemia, and pulmonary oxygen uptake (O2) at ventilatory anaerobic threshold (O2AT) and at peak effort (peak O2) during an incremental exercise on a treadmill. In our participants, FMD was 9.1 (3.4)%, O2AT was 40.72 (5.92) ml/kg per min, and peak O2 was 52.95 (8.13) ml/kg per min. Using bivariate Pearsons correlation, and in separate multivariate regression analyses, O2AT and peak VO2 showed a significant and reasonably good correlation with FMD (r=0.84, P<0.001 and r=0.77, P=0.001, respectively), independent of age, body mass index and serum total cholesterol (=0.77, P<0.001, R2 of the overall model=0.79 and =0.70, P<0.005, R2 of the overall model=0.69, respectively). Our data provide evidence suggesting that in young healthy men a higher submaximal and maximal aerobic exercise performance is associated with a greater FMD of peripheral conduit arteries. 相似文献
106.
The immunosuppressive effect of CS-A was first studied in the assay for local GvHR. 3 x 106 viable spleen cells from LEW rats were injected into one foot pad of LEW x BN hybrids and both PLN were weighed 7 days later. Treatment of the recipients with 3 doses of 50 mg/kg/day of CS-A suppressed this local GvHR. The effect was more pronounced when treatment started at the time of cell transfer rather than a few days before peak response. In-vitro incubation of the cellular inoculum with CS-A also prevented local GvHR. Histology of the PLN confirmed the quantitative results expressed by the PLN index. CS-A was further investigated in the EAE model in LEW rats. It protected rats sensitised with spinal cord emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant for as long as they were treated with CS-A. Treatment delayed until after the appearance of EAE also markedly improved their condition. Oral treatment of recipients with 50 mg/kg/day CS-A prevented the development of adoptive EAE following the transfer of lymphoid cells conditioned in vitro. The presence of 0.1-1.0 μg CS-A in the medium of the sensitised lymphoid cells also inhibited the adoptive transfer of EAE. Finally, if the cells for the adoptive transfer were derived from CS-A-treated sensitised donors, they failed to induce EAE. Histological examination supported the symptomatic findings 相似文献
107.
A monoclonal antibody (RH1-38) which blocks multiple systems of cell-mediated cytotoxicity was functionally characterized. RH1-38 specifically blocks, in the absence of complement, natural killer (NK) activity (K562 targets) without any effect on NK-K562 conjugate formation. Kinetic studies suggested that the antibody blocks a step that occurs 30-120 min after effector populations are mixed with target cells. Single-cell cytotoxicity assays in agarose, combined with standard 51Cr release assays and Michaelis-Menten analysis revealed that RH1-38 markedly decreases Vmax and the number of active NK cells, again without any effect on the number of target-binding cells. The maximum recycling capacity was usually decreased, but in some experiments unchanged, in the presence of the monoclonal antibody. RH1-38 inhibited equally well whole peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML), Percoll-fractionated lymphocytes enriched for NK activity, and interferon (IFN)-boosted NK activity. PBML exposed to RH1-38 and then washed mediated depressed NK activity which was partially reversed by subsequent treatment with IFN. These studies are most consistent with the hypothesis that RH1-38 inhibits a step late in the NK cytolytic mechanism rather than through an effect on conjugate formation. The primary effect is probably not on the IFN-generating or boosting mechanism, but a secondary effect on IFN-related mechanisms cannot be ruled out. Inhibition through an effect on a small lymphocyte modulator of NK activity is also unlikely but not rigorously excluded. Thus, RH1-38 appears to inhibit NK activity through a direct effect on NK effector cells, probably by interfering with a cell-surface molecule which is important in the expression of NK activity. The companion paper demonstrates that this monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitates a molecule which is very similar or identical to the LFA-1 antigen. Thus, RH1-38 recognizes either a novel epitope on the LFA-1 molecule or alternatively a distinct, functional killer cell surface molecule. The epitope appears to be involved in a late step in the cytolytic mechanism, possibly part of the effector cell lytic machinery. 相似文献
108.
Yewande E. Odeyemi ODene Lewis Julius Ngwa Kristen Dodd Richard F. Gillum Alem Mehari 《Journal of the National Medical Association》2019,111(1):94-100
Purpose
There is presently an ongoing debate on the relative merits of suggested criteria for spirometric airway obstruction. This study tests the null hypothesis that no superiority exists with the use of fixed ratio (FR) of forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) < 0.7 versus less than lower limit predicted (LLN) criteria with or without FEV1 <80% predicted in regards to future mortality.Methods
In 1988–1994 the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) measured FEV1 and FVC with mortality follow-up data through December 31, 2011. For this survival analysis 7472 persons aged 40 and over with complete data formed the analytic sample.Results
There were a total of 3554 deaths. Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression revealed an increased hazard ratio in persons with both fixed ratio and lower limit of normal with a low FEV1 (1.79, p < 0.0001), in those with fixed ratio only with a low FEV1 (1.77, p < 0.0001), in those with abnormal fixed ratio only with a normal FEV1 (1.28, p < 0.0001) compared with persons with no airflow obstruction (reference group). These remained significant after adjusting for demographic variables and other confounding variables.Conclusions
The addition of FEV1 < 80% of predicted increased the prognostic power of the fixed ratio <0.7 and/or below the lower limit of predicted criteria for airway obstruction. 相似文献109.
重组卡介苗及猪苓多糖对荷瘤小鼠巨噬细胞NO释放量的影响 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:4
目的 观察重组卡介苗(rBCG)和中药猪苓多糖(PPS),对荷瘤小鼠空巨噬细胞释放NO的影响。方法 将黑色素瘤细胞株B16接种于小鼠左大腿外侧皮下,建立荷瘤小鼠模型,分别用rBCG-IL-2,rBCG-IL-2 PPSPPS进行局部治疗。于给药后第1,2,3和5wk处死小鼠,用NO酶法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放NO的水平,并观察不同实验组瘤体的变化。结果 rBCG-IL-2组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放NO的水平最高。与对照组相比较,PPS组小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放NO的水平在第1wk与第2wk增高,第3wk起与对照组释放的NO水平没有差异。rBCG-IL-2组小鼠随给药时间的延长,皮下瘤体逐渐缩小。PPS组小鼠瘤体在给药后第1wk和第2wk生长缓慢,第3wk起瘤体生长速度明显增加。结论 rBCG-IL-2与PPS能提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞释放NO的水平,rBCG-IL-2能明显抑制肿瘤生长。 相似文献
110.
James W. Verbsky Mary K. Hintermeyer Pippa M. Simpson Mingen Feng Jody Barbeau Nagarjun Rao Carlyne D. Cool Luis A. Sosa-Lozano Dhiraj Baruah Erin Hammelev Alyssa Busalacchi Amy Rymaszewski Jeff Woodliff Shaoying Chen Mary Bausch-Jurken John M. Routes 《The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology》2021,147(2):704-712.e17