f_2相似因子法评价银杏酮酯缓释微丸大类成分总黄酮和各类成分的体外释放相关性研究

目的引入f_2相似因子法对银杏酮酯(GBE)缓释微丸的大类成分总黄酮和各类成分(包括黄酮类和萜内酯类)的释放曲线进行分析,以能较全面地评价其体外释放。方法运用紫外分光光度法、高效液相-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)测定GBE缓释微丸中大类成分(总黄酮)和各类成分(槲皮苷、异鼠李素、芦丁、槲皮素、银杏内酯A、银杏内酯B、银杏内酯C、白果内酯)的体外释放率,并进行f_2相似因子计算;采用扫描电镜法观察微丸释药前后的微观结构,结合方程拟合分别对微丸中总黄酮和各类成分的释药机制解析,以验证f_2相似因子法的可靠性。结果优化工艺的GBE微丸黄酮类和内酯类的各成分与大类成分总黄酮的f_2均大于50,说明大类成分总黄酮与各类成分体外释放曲线具有较好的相关性。释药机制解析进一步验证了该结果的可靠性。结论 f_2相似因子法可运用于多组分中药缓释制剂大类成分和各类成分的体外释放评价。     

槲皮素逆转人胆囊癌细胞耐药性的作用机制探讨

目的 探讨槲皮素对先天性多药耐药胆囊癌细胞株GBC-SD多药耐药性（MDR）的逆转情况。方法 分别以10个浓度阿霉素（3.33～33.28μg/ml）及其与不同浓度槲皮素（0.1、0.05、0.025μmol/L）混合液培养GBC-SD,观察细胞生存率及半数抑癌浓度值（IC50）。结果 单用阿霉素培养时IC50为16.65μg/ml,细胞生存率分别为80.58%～26.18%。加用槲皮素培养后IC50分别为6.66、9.99和13.32μg/ml,两两比较,P均〈0.05,且均显著低于单用阿霉素者（P均〈0.05）;细胞生存率均显著低于单用阿霉素者,且逆转能力呈浓度依赖性。结论 槲皮素可逆转GBC-SD的MDR。     

Codelivery of Adriamycin and P-gp Inhibitor Quercetin Using PEGylated Liposomes to Overcome Cancer Drug Resistance

Transmembrane protein P-gp's overexpression at the drug-resistant cell membrane is the most important characteristic of multidrug resistance (MDR). Quercetin (QUE) can effectively suppress the function of P-gp to reverse MDR. This study uses QUE as the P-gp inhibitor andfilm-ultrasound technique with ammonium sulfate transmembrane gradient method to prepare long-circulating liposomes simultaneously encapsulating QUE and Adriamycin (doxorubicin) (AMD/DOX). The optimal conditions for the preparation of AMD_QUE_long-circulating liposomes (SLs) are as follows: hydrogenated soybean phospholipids (HSPC):cholesterol:DSPE-PEG 2000 = 73.07:24.36:2.57 mol/mol, QUE:HSPC = 1:20 mol/mol, AMD:HSPC = 1:7.9 w/w (NH₄₎₂SO₄ 0.15 mol/L, drug loaded (AMD) at 55°C for 25 min). The average encapsulation efficiency of AMD and QUE was 97.49% and 95.50%, respectively. The average particle size is 85 nm (n = 3), and the average zeta potential is ?14.9 mV. First, the pharmacokinetic study proved that codelivery liposomes enveloping QUE and AMD (AMD_QUE_SL) can obviously increase the blood concentration of AMD (C_max: 140.50 ± 32.37 μg/mL) and extend the half-life period of AMD in plasma (t_1/2:14.02 ± 1.54 h). Second, AMD_QUE_SL can obviously enhance the cell toxicity to AMD-resistant cell strains (HL-6/ADR and MCF-7/ADR), and the reverse effects on the resistance of HL-6/ADR and MCF-7/ADR is increased to 4.81-fold and 3.21-fold, respectively. Third, according to the in vivo pharmacodynamic study, the relative tumor volume and relative tumor growth of the AMD_QUE_SL group were the lowest. The inhibition rate of tumor growth of this group was the highest. It can be concluded that AMD_QUE_SL can effectively reverse MDR, lower cardiac toxicity of AMD in clinical treatment, and improve the clinical treatment effect of AMD.     

Neuro-protective potential of quercetin during chlorpyrifos induced neurotoxicity in rats

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) has been considered as one of the most potent organophosphates and is linked to several neurological disorders. On the other hand, Quercetin is a vital plant flavanoid and has been reported to regulate a number of physiological processes in the central nervous system. The present study was conducted to investigate the protective potential of quercetin during chlorpyrifos induced neurotoxicity. Female Wistar rats weighing 150–200?g were divided into four different groups viz: Normal control, CPF treated (13.5?mg/kg.b.wt. every alternate day), Quercetin treated (50?mg/kg.b.wt./day) and combined CPF and quercetin-treated. All the treatments were carried out for a total duration of eight weeks. Chlorpyrifos treatment showed significant alterations in the cognitive behavior and motor activities of rats, which were appreciably improved upon simultaneous supplementation with quercetin. Further, CPF treatment caused a significant inhibition in the enzyme activities of acetylcholinesterase and choline acetyltransferase, but caused an increase in the levels of acetylcholine in the brain. Further, chlorpyrifos exposure significantly elevated the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl contents as well as the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, which were interestingly found to be decreased following co-treatment with quercetin. In contrast, CPF treatment decreased the activities of glutathione reductase, transferase, as well as levels of reduced and total glutathione in both the cerebrum and cerebellum but co-administration of quercetin, increased these levels. Chlorpyrifos treatment altered the neuro-histoarchitecture, which showed improvement upon quercetin supplementation. Hence, this study suggests that quercetin can be used as a prophylactic intervention to prevent CPF induced neurotoxicity.     

Activation of Nrf2 signaling by sitagliptin and quercetin combination against β-amyloid induced Alzheimer's disease in rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of sitagliptin (Sita), quercetin (QCR) and its combination in β-amyloid (Aβ) induced Alzheimer's disease (AD). Male Sprague–Dawley rats, weighing between 220 and 280 g were used for experiment. Rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 10) and the groups were as follows: (a) Sham control; (b) Aβ injected; (c) Aβ injected + Sita 100; (d) Aβ injected + QCR 100; and (e) Aβ injected + Sita 100 + QCR 100. Cognitive performance was observed by the Morris water maze (MWM), biochemical markers, for example, MDA, SOD, CAT, GSH, Aβ1-42 level, Nrf2/HO-1 expression and histopathological study of rat brain were estimated. Pretreatment with Sita, QCR and their combination showed a significant increase in escape latency in particular MWM cognitive model. Further co-administration of sita and QCR significantly reduced Aβ1-42 level when compared with individual treatment. Biochemical markers, for example, increased SOD, CAT and GSH, decreased MDA were seen, and histopathological studies revealed the reversal of neuronal damage in the treatment group. Additionally, Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in rat's brain was significantly increased by Sita, QCR and their combination. Pretreatment with QCR potentiates the action of Sita in Aβ induced AD in rats. The improved cognitive memory could be because of the synergistic effect of the drugs by decreasing Aβ1-42 level, antioxidant activity and increased expression of Nrf2/HO-1 in rat brain.     

Quercetin is bioavailable from a single ingestion of grape juice

The in vivo bioactivity of polyphenols will depend on their bioavailability. Grape juice is an important source of dietary phenolics. This paper reports results that prove that quercetin (3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone) is bioavailable after a single ingestion of red grape juice by healthy volunteers. Blood plasma samples were collected before and after 2 h of ingestion of 100 ml of concentrated grape juice (n = 14), and of a placebo solution (n =6). Significant differences in the variation of the total plasma quercetin content (before and after ingestion) between the grape juice ingestion group (3.1 µg/l increase, as a mean) and the placebo group (6.0 µg/l decrease, as a mean) were found. This relatively low increase in comparison with that obtained after 2 h of ingestion of onions (201 µg/l, as a mean) and with those reported in the literature for other foods/beverages was attributed to differences in the amount of quercetin ingested, in the form in which quercetin is present, and in the food matrix.     

Protective effect of quercetin,a polyphenolic compound,on mouse corpus cavernosum

Flavonoids are plant‐based phenolic compounds, and quercetin is the most abundant dietary member of this family. One of the most important characteristics of quercetin is its antioxidant property. The aim of this study was to investigate antioxidant effects of quercetin on corpora cavernosa of mice. Corpora cavernosa were isolated in organ baths, precontracted with phenylephrine (0.5 μm ) and relaxant responses were mediated by acetylcholine (0.1–1 μm ), electrical field stimulation (EFS, 1–16 Hz, 0.5 ms, 30 V) or acidified sodium nitrite (a NaNO₂, 0.5 mm ). Superoxide anion generators; pyrogallol (50 μm ), hydroquinone (100 μm ), LY 83583 (6‐Anilinoquinolin‐5,8‐quinone, 10 μm ) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor; diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DETCA, 8 mm ) were used in order to expose corpus cavernosa to oxidant stress. Acetylcholine (0.1–1 μm ) induced relaxant responses were significantly inhibited in LY 83583 (10 μm ) and DETCA + LY 83583 applicated trials. EFS‐induced relaxant responses were significantly inhibited in DETCA (8 mm ) and DETCA + LY 83583 administrated trials. On the other hand, acidified sodium nitrite‐induced responses were inhibited by all of the superoxide anion generators tested. Quercetin (10 μm ) failed to improve the inhibitions on endothelium and electrically stimulated responses. Acidified sodium nitrite (0.5 mm ) mediated relaxant responses were significantly restored by quercetin except the groups in which LY 83583 were used. The data suggest that quercetin acts as a protective agent in mouse corpus cavernosum, increasing the bioavailability of exogenous nitric oxide by protecting it from superoxide anion (O₂^–).     

槲皮素的抗癌作用

槲皮素具有较强的抗癌活性，从清除氧自由基、抑制癌细胞增殖、对抗到癌因子和抗癌经增敏作用等几个方面，简要介绍槲皮素抗癌作用的研究情况。     

槲皮素诱导人肝癌SMMC-7721细胞凋亡的研究

目的:观察槲皮素(quercetin)体外对肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的生长抑制和诱导凋亡作用,并探讨线粒体在诱导凋亡机制中的作用。方法:以10、30、60和100μmol/L槲皮素作用于体外培养的SMMC-7721细胞,MTT法检测细胞生长抑制率;Annexi-V/PI双染流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况;吖啶橙(acridine or-ange,AO)染色法观察细胞凋亡时形态变化;JC-1染色法检测细胞线粒体膜电位(mitochondrial membrane potential)变化。结果:槲皮素体外能抑制肝癌SMMC-7721细胞的生长(P<0.01),诱导细胞发生凋亡,并呈现量效和时效关系。10、30、60和100μmol/L槲皮素作用72h引起的细胞抑制率(F=343.71,P<0.01)和凋亡率(F=234.17,P<0.01)明显高于对照组。槲皮素作用48h后,AO染色图片可见细胞膜呈泡状膨出和凋亡小体等。凋亡过程中线粒体膜电位下降。结论:槲皮素体外能抑制肝癌SMMC-7721细胞生长,诱导细胞凋亡发生,线粒体膜电位下降在细胞凋亡过程中可能起到重要作用。     

高效液相色谱-电化学法测定四季青叶中4种化合物的含量

目的:建立同时测定四季青叶中原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、槲皮素和山奈酚4种成分含量的高效液相色谱-电化学(HPLC-ECD)法。方法:采用 Zorbax SB-C_(18)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5.0 μm)色谱柱;以(A)甲醇、(B)水-0.1%醋酸为流动相,梯度洗脱:0min 时 A-B(20:80),9 min 时 A-B(24:76),30 min 时 A-B(50:50),40 min 时 A-B(65:35);流速为0.8 mL·min~(-1),柱温为30℃,电化学检测器的工作电位为0.7 V,采用标准曲线法对4种化合物进行定量。结果:在选定的色谱条件下原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、槲皮素和山奈酚的检出限分别为3,6,2,5 ng,定量限分别为9.1,20.0,7.2,16.0 ng。4种化合物的平均加样回收率均在95.7%～102.6%之间,RSD 在1.6%～2.9%之间。结论:方法简便、准确,可用于同时检测四季青叶中4种化合物的含量。