The Genetics of Obesity: What Have Genetic Studies Told Us About the Environment

Genetic studies have shown that both childhood and adult body mass index are substantially heritable. The evidence for shared family environmental influences is largely absent, even though there are clear indications that secular changes in energy expenditure have brought about a significant increase in the prevalence of obesity. This apparent inconsistency may be explained by the dual phenomena of the near-universality of access to environments that facilitate reductions in energy expenditure (e.g., TV as a recreational pastime), together with heritable individual differences in the response to or utilization of these environments. The impact of changes in nonshared environments on body weight can be estimated from biometrical genetical studies and is found to be both small and relatively short-lived. Genetic and environmental results from longitudinal studies are consistent with what is known about the changing distribution of adiposity during adulthood and clinical experience of the difficulty of maintaining behavioral-induced weight loss.     

注意缺陷多动障碍伴孤独症特征患儿行为和家庭环境研究

目的 探讨注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）伴孤独症特征（ATs）患儿社交行为和家庭环境特点。方法 收集2019年3月至2021年12月安徽省儿童医院儿童保健科就诊的106例ADHD患儿临床资料,根据社交反应量表（SRS）评分分为ADHD-ATs组（SRS评分≥60分）和对照组（SRS评分<60分）,各53例。比较两组SRS、中文版ADHD评定量表-父母版（SNAP-IV）、家庭环境量表中文版（FES-CV）评估结果。结果 ADHD-ATs组SRS总分、社交知觉、认知、沟通、动机和孤独症行为方式评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。ADHD-ATs组SNAP-IV总分、注意缺陷、对立违抗评分高于对照组（P<0.05）。ADHD-ATs组FES-CV亲密度和独立性评分低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 ADHD-ATs患儿较一般ADHD患儿存在显著的社交困难,并且注意缺陷和对立违抗症状更突出,家庭环境中的亲密度和独立性较低。     

Evidence that the Rate of Wallerian Degeneration is Controlled by a Single Autosomal Dominant Gene

In a substrain of C57BL mice, C57BL/Ola, Wallerian degeneration in the distal segment of the severed sciatic nerve is extremely slow when compared to other mice. Despite this very slow degeneration in the distal segment regeneration of the motor nerves is not impaired. From suitable genetic outcrosses and backcrosses, the authors provide evidence that the rate of Wallerian degeneration in this strain is controlled by a single autosomal gene product. The authors have also shown that the rate of degeneration, in C57BL/Ola mice, is influenced by the environment in which the animals were bred and housed. Wallerian degeneration in the sciatic nerves of mice raised in isolators is slower than in those raised in a conventional animal house. This strain of mouse may prove to be of value in the understanding of nerve degeneration and regeneration.     

Twins: a test of the equal environments assumption

We asked a sample of 343 adult same-sex twin pairs a number of questions about the similarity of their social environment during childhood and early adolescence. A factor analysis of their responses indicated that their common environment was derived from two sources, one being similar treatment "imposed" upon them by their parents, the other being "elicited" by the twins' similar interests and behavior. Monozygotic (MZ) twins reported experiencing more similar "imposed" and "elicited" environments than dizygotic (DZ) twins. The extent of imposed similar treatment received during childhood and early adolescence was unrelated to either MZ or DZ twins' current behavioral similarity, as indicated by absolute intrapair differences in their Neuroticism, Anxiety, and Depression scores. Similar treatment imposed upon MZ twins on the basis of their zygosity alone is therefore not a threat to the validity of the twin method.     

细菌波动生长与环境关系数学模型

目的：针对开放微生物生长系统,探讨细菌波动生长的产生机制。方法：以单种群细菌为研究对象,应用非线性系统动力学和数值模拟分析方法讨论周围环境条件变化对细菌生长的影响关系。结果：建立了单种群细菌波动生长与环境关系数学模型。结论：证明了模型的合理性并给出了模型的数值模拟结果,为研究细菌波动生长规律作了量化分析探索。     

益母草药材中生物碱含量与产地生态环境的关系

目的 研究中药益母草的生物碱含量与其产地生态环境间的关系。方法 在5个不同地区采集益母草药材和土壤样品;通过资料查阅和实地调查,考察产地的生态环境;用高效液相色谱法测定药材中的生物碱含量。结果 不同地区的气候、土壤、植被等环境条件不同。各生长地的益母草基本上长势良好,但药材中生物碱含量差异很大。产于土壤为碱性的北方两个地区的药材中含量（约0.4%）比产于酸性土壤的南方地区的（0.1%~0.2%）要高。结论 与药材中生物碱含量相关的因素有生长地土壤中有机质、有效磷、速效钾的含量和土壤的pH值等,其中土壤的pH值是呈正相关的重要因素。北方的碱性土壤比南方的酸性土壤更有利于生物碱的积累。另外一些可能的影响因素是气候和遗传因素。     

舰艇环境对舰员心理功能和神经行为的影响

探讨封闭型舰艇环境对舰员心理功能和神经行为的影响。方法 采用微机化神经行为评价系统和症状自评量表对封闭型水面舰艇舰员进行了测试,并以开放型水面舰艇舰员为对照。结果 封闭型舰艇人员符号译码成绩明显低于开放型舰艇人员,并出现类似“空调病”的症状。结论封闭型舰艇环境能危害舰员的心理健康,负离子浓度低为重要的环境因素,应改进通风。     

pH对盐酸美普他酚鼻腔吸收的影响

目的研究盐酸美普他酚制剂中pH和鼻腔吸收之间的关系.方法通过鼻腔在体循环试验考察不同pH环境对盐酸美普他酚鼻腔吸收的影响,并利用体内试验考察模型药物经鼻入脑的情况.结果鼻腔在体循环试验发现盐酸美普他酚在碱性条件下吸收显著优于酸性条件,但是在体内试验中发现不同pH环境对药物吸收入脑并没有显著性差异.结论制剂中的pH环境对盐酸美普他酚鼻腔吸收和入脑无显著影响.     

卫星搭载药用植物曼陀罗遗传变异的随机扩增多态性DNA分析

以曼陀罗种子为材料探讨太空环境对药用植物的影响。方法利用返回式卫星搭曼陀罗的种子,返回地面后播于实验田中,应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分子标记技术分析不同组曼陀罗基因组的变异情况。结果从６５个供试引物中筛选出１５个能够产生可重复多态性增产物的引物。与地面对照组相比,失重组共产生３９条多态性片段,基因组的多态性频率为２３．１％,击中组共产生４５条多态性片段,基因组的多态性频率为２４．     

Linking genes and environmental exposure: why China presents special opportunities

The Human Genome Project will have an enormous impact on our ability to study and understand human disease by providing maps of human genes. However, many of the most prevalent human diseases result from the complex interaction of numerous genes. Even with the use of a catalogue of human genes, the task of analyzing complex genetic and environmental interactions involved in the common human disorders will be formidable. Due to its demographic specificities and large size, the Chinese population offers a unique resource for the study of human genetics and the ability to capitalize upon the recent revolution in biotechnology. Reasons that China provides an exceptional population for genetic studies of complex diseases include: (i) the resource of 1.3 billion people makes obtaining a large number of subjects with rare (and common) diseases possible; (ii) relative genetic homogeneity in many regions has been preserved; (iii) stratification is distinct; (iv) urban/rural and geograph ic contrasts, both in environmental factors and disease occurrence, are quite marked; (v) family members tend to stay congregated; and (vi) epidemiologic study is cost-beneficial.