Nurturing the Citizens of the Future: Milk Stations and Child Nutrition in Puerto Rico, 1929–60

Between the 1930s and 1960s Puerto Rico was transformed from a marginal United States territory into an industrialised ‘showcase of development’. This article investigates the organisation of milk station programmes on the island during this crucial period and how these reflected the circulation of child welfare knowledge, nutrition expertise and public health practices. During the Depression, these perspectives fostered a recast of the eugenic regeneration ideologies motivating medical assessments of and sanitary interventions with Puerto Rico’s rural poor since the nineteenth century. Innovations in nutrition knowledge and an emerging rural hygiene movement highlighted the negative health effects of the island’s monocrops economy. In this context, the nourishment of children’s bodies assumed symbolic and instrumental significance for the reconfiguration of colonial and developmental models promoted by the new Popular Democratic Party (PPD). The experience of public health professionals in relief work during the 1930s contributed to the articulation of food and nutrition as key elements of this party’s populist discourse. Programmes like milk stations became part of strategies to rear and manage the labour force needed in the industrial development model promoted by the PPD. From the perspective of poor Puerto Ricans, however, they were part of the materialisation of its promise of social justice for the poorer classes.     

浦东新区某社区小学生超重肥胖现状及营养知识和饮食行为的调查研究*

目的了解上海市浦东新区小学生超重肥胖的现状以及学生的营养知识、态度和饮食行为,为开展学生营养知识宣传与相关行为干预提供依据。方法按照分层整群随机抽样的方法,抽取浦东新区6 824名小学生测量身高和体重;随机整群抽取1 122名小学生和家长进行有关的问卷调查,剔除不合格问卷,获得有效问卷1 089份,有效率为97.1%。结果浦东新区小学生超重和肥胖检出率分别为22.0%和10.7%,总超重率为32.7%,其中男生超重、肥胖检出率为24.5%和13.2%,总超重肥胖率为37.8%,女生超重、肥胖检出率为19.0%和7.7%,总超重率为26.7%,男生超重率高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=30.111,P0.01),男生肥胖率高于女生,差异有统计学意义(χ~2=55.004,P0.01)。全体学生的营养知识水平偏低,平均得分为(4.68±1.166)分,学生对合理膳食的基本要求、钙元素和维生素C的良好来源等知识掌握比较好,但对于相对专业的营养知识掌握较差。学生对零食、饮料的食用频率较高,1周吃8～14次分别达到10.1%和10.6%,豆类食用频率相对较少。结论上海市浦东新区小学生超重及肥胖检出率已超过全国平均水平,小学生整体的营养知识水平不高,零食、饮料和油炸烧烤等食品食用频率较高。针对这些问题,应结合当地的实际情况积极采取各项措施,培养科学合理的饮食行为。     

益生菌联合肠内营养对急性胰腺炎患者肠道菌群及外周血miR-155的影响

目的 探讨益生菌联合肠内营养对急性胰腺炎患者肠道菌群及外周血miR-155的影响。 方法 选取2016年6月至2018年12月河北医科大学第二医院消化内科收治的92例急性胰腺炎患者作为研究对象，根据随机数字表法分为观察组（n=46）和对照组（n=46），对照组在常规治疗基础上给予肠内营养治疗，观察组在对照组基础上给予双歧杆菌乳杆菌三联活菌片，观察两组患者治疗前后肠道菌群、炎性介质及血清miR-155变化，比较两组患者治疗后胃肠道功能恢复情况。结果 治疗后，观察组双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌增加数量，肠球菌、大肠埃希菌减少数量，血清CRP、IL-6、IL-17、TNF-α、miR-155降低水平均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）；观察组患者胃肠生活质量量表（GIQLI）评分高于对照组，腹胀消失时间、腹痛消失时间、肠鸣音恢复时间、血清淀粉酶恢复正常时间均少于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 益生菌联合肠内营养治疗急性胰腺炎可调节肠道菌群平衡，降低血清miR-155水平，缓解炎性反应，促进肠道功能恢复。     

Body weight in patients with Parkinson's disease.

There is some evidence suggesting that Parkinson's disease (PD) patients exhibit lower body weight when compared to age-matched healthy subjects. Low body mass index (BMI) is correlated with low bone mineral density, both of which are major risk factors for hip fractures. Possible determinants of weight loss in PD patients include hyposmia, impaired hand-mouth coordination, difficulty chewing, dysphagia, intestinal hypomotility, depression, decreased reward processing of dopaminergic mesolimbic regions, nausea, and anorexia as the side effects of medication, and increased energy requirements due to muscular rigidity and involuntary movements. It is unclear whether PD patients in general, or only a subgroup of those affected, definitely show lower BMI in the advanced stages of the disease. We therefore recommend that the body weight of PD patients be monitored monthly as the disease progresses, and that a patient's nutrition should be supplemented with sufficient amounts of vitamin D and calcium to reduce the risk of hip fractures and strengthen bone density. Because meal times may coincide with unpredictable off periods associated with akinesia and impaired hand-mouth coordination, PD patients also need flexible food schedules that accommodate the associated symptoms of this disease.     

Wild Edible Plants and Their Traditional Use in the Human Nutrition in Bosnia-Herzegovina

This article presents first systematical procedure results on traditional usage of wild, edible, vitaminous, and aromatic plants in the nutrition of human population in Bosnia and Herzegovina (W. Balkan peninsula; SE Europe). By method of an ethnobotanical interview, which comprised of over 250 persons, whose average age was 55, and by research on edible wild flora all around Bosnia and Herzegovina that extended over many years, detected were 308 plants belonging to 73 plant families that are being used in nutrition and diet of indigenous population. Edible wild plants are used as delicious vegetables, fruits, peer and spices, in either fresh, raw, or dried condition. Plants are being used for the making of cooked food (33%), fresh salads (19%), mush and bread (17%), or as fresh, wild fruits and drinks (13%) or as spices and ethno-pharmacological potions (10%). The majority of identified, wild edible plants may satisfy the daily human need for elementary nutrition material, particularly those of vitamins C and A, and for some minerals, according to the regulations of World Health Organization (WHO).     

广州市海珠区幼儿园0～2岁幼儿营养调查

<正> 1982年7～8月间对广州市海珠区幼儿园0～2周岁的幼儿进行了营养调查。 膳食调查:用4天称重法结合询问法调查幼儿200人,求得每人每日食物摄入量,见     

贲门癌术中留置金属导芯硅胶鼻肠管的临床研究

目的探讨贲门癌术后早期肠内营养的可行性、安全性及临床效果.方法贲门癌患者术中留置金属导芯硅胶鼻饲管,术后第1天开始肠内营养支持,术前及术后第10天,分别测量体重,检测血红蛋白浓度及肝肾功能,观察肠内营养的副作用.结果全组鼻饲管留置时间平均15.2 d;术后早期肠内营养明显增加了营养物质的摄入量,术后无明显的体重丢失,未见需要终止治疗的并发症.结论早期肠内营养治疗具有符合生理、减少医药费用等优点,该置管方法安全、简便,达到了加强术后患者营养支持的目的,可列入术后常规应用.