Isoflurane for removal of chest drains after cardiac surgery

Thirty-five patients who had undergone uncomplicated cardiac surgery were randomly allocated to receive either Entonox or isoflurane 0.25% in Entonox as inhalational analgesia for the removal of their two chest drains. The gases were presented premixed in high-pressure cylinders and were self-administered by means of a demand valve. The removal of the second drain was more painful than the first but that pain was better controlled by isoflurane 0.25% in Entonox than by Entonox alone.     

A porcine model for sequential assessments of cerebral haemodynamics and metabolism

We present a physiologically stable porcine model designed for sequential assessments of pharmacological effects on mean hemispheric cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral metabolic rate for oxygen (CMRO2) at sustained normocapnia. The dynamic influence of continuously administered fentanyl (0.040 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.), nitrous oxide (70%) and pancuronium (0.30 mg.kg-1.h-1 i.v.) on these variables was studied in eight normoventilated pigs. CBF was reliably assessable at 10-min intervals by clearance of intra-arterially injected 133Xe, monitored by an extracranial scintillation detector. CMRO2 was calculated from CBF and the simultaneously measured cerebral arteriovenous difference in blood oxygen content. The intracerebral distribution of a contrast medium injected into the external and internal carotid arteries was studied by angiography, and the cerebral venous outflow was investigated by measurements of the distribution of an intra-arterially administered non-diffusible tracer, [99mTc]pertechnetate, to the internal and external jugular veins. After a 3-h equilibration period, CBF and CMRO2 were determined on six occasions over a study period lasting 1 h 40 min. The mean ranges of these variables were 56-60 and 1.9-2.0 ml.100 g-1.min-1, respectively. We conclude that the model enables repeated assessments of CBF and CMRO2 under stable physiological background conditions and thus valid cerebral pharmacodynamic investigations of drugs given for anaesthesia.     

阻塞性黄疸患者并发肾功能损害时血清一氧化氮的变化及其临床意义

目的　探讨阻塞性黄疸患者并发肾功能损害时血清一氧化氮 (NO)的变化及其临床意义。方法　对 2 5例阻塞性黄疸并发肾功能损害患者的血清NO、一氧化氮合成酶 (NOS)活性、BUN和Cr值进行检测 ,并以 2 6例健康者作为正常对照。结果　阻塞性黄疸组BUN和Cr高于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 1 ) ,而NO和NOS则低于正常对照组 (P<0 .0 1 )。相关分析显示 ,NO与BUN和Cr呈负相关关系 ,其相关系数分别为 - 0 .41 9和 - 0 .553(P<0 .0 1 )。结论　阻塞性黄疸并发肾功能损害时其血清NO和NOS下降 ,提示NO在阻塞性黄疸时对肾功能有一定保护作用     

The effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine on postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis in rats

GTP-cyclohydrolase I (GTP-CHI) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme for the de novo biosynthesis of biopterin. The present study was to observe the effect of 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxy-pyrimidine (DAHP),an inhibtor of GTP-CHI, on the development of postburn Staphylococcus aureus sepsis. Methods: 56 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows: normal control group (n= 10), scald control group(n= 10),pos tburn sepsis group (n= 20) and DA HP treatment group (n= 16). In the scald control group, rats were subjected to a 20% total body surface area (TBSA) Ⅲ° scald injury, then sacrificed at 24 hrs. In the postburn sepsis group (n=20), rats were inflicted with 20% TBSA Ⅲ° scald followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, and they were further divided into 2 and 6 hrs groups. In the DAHP treatment group (n= 16), animals were intraperitoneally injected with a dose of 1g/kg DAHP prior to Staphylococcus aureus challenge, and then further divided into 2, 6 hrs groups. Tissue samples from liver, kidneys, lungs and heart were collected to determine GTP-CHI, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) mRNA expression. Meanwhile, biopterin and nitric oxide (NO) levels in these tissues were also measured. Results: After the scald injury followed by Staphylococcus aureus challenge, GTP-CHI mRNA expression and biopterin levels significantly elevated in various tissues such as liver, heart, kidneys and lungs, so did the values of iNOS mRNA expression and NO formation (P＜0.01). Pretreatment with DAHP could significantly reduce GTP-CHI/biopterin induction (P＜0. 05～0. 01), and the up-regulation of iNOS/NO was also suppressed. Furthermore, DAHP administration could also inhibit the gene expression of TNF-α. 2 hrs after septic challenge, TNF-α mRNA expression in liver, kidneys and lungs in DAHP-treated group were 35.7%, 37.3% and 33.0% of those in postburn septic group, respectively. Additionally, in animals without DAHP treatment, the 6-hour mortality was 55.6% (20/36), while it was only 25.0% in DAHP-treated animals (4/16, P=0. 08). Conclusions: Early treatment with DAHP might be a potential strategy to prevent the development of postburn Staphylococcal sepsis, which appears to be associated with down-regulation of biopterin and NO formation by DAHP.     

变应性鼻炎患者血清一氧化氮水平变化及临床意义

目的 :通过 5 6例变应性鼻炎患者血清一氧化氮 (NO)浓度的观察 ,研究内源性NO水平的变化与变应性鼻炎病理过程的关系及其临床意义。方法 :血清NO水平采用硝酸还原酶比色法测定。结果 :变应性鼻炎组血清NO水平显著高于正常对照组 (q =2 7.2 3,P <0 .0 1)及慢性鼻炎组 (q =15 .2 3,P<0 .0 1)。慢性鼻炎组与正常对照组血清NO浓度差异无显著性 (q =1.89,P >0 .0 5 )。结论 :变应性鼻炎患者血清中NO水平显著高于正常对照组及慢性鼻炎组 ,提示NO在变应性鼻炎的发病过程中可能起重要作用 ,对其机理的研究为变应性鼻炎的治疗提供新的方法。     

Labeling efficacy of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to human neural stem cells: comparison of ferumoxides, monocrystalline iron oxide, cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO)-NH2 and tat-CLIO.

OBJECTIVE: We wanted to compare the human neural stem cell (hNSC) labeling efficacy of different superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), namely, ferumoxides, monocrystalline iron oxide (MION), cross-linked iron oxide (CLIO)-NH(2) and tat-CLIO. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The hNSCs (5 x 10(5) HB1F3 cells/ml) were incubated for 24 hr in cell culture media that contained 25 microg/ml of ferumoxides, MION or CLIO-NH(2), and with or without poly-L-lysine (PLL) and tat-CLIO. The cellular iron uptake was analyzed qualitatively with using a light microscope and this was quantified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The visibility of the labeled cells was assessed with MR imaging. RESULTS: The incorporation of SPIONs into the hNSCs did not affect the cellular proliferations and viabilities. The hNSCs labeled with tat-CLIO showed the longest retention, up to 72 hr, and they contained 2.15+/-0.3 pg iron/cell, which are 59 fold, 430 fold and six fold more incorporated iron than that of the hNSCs labeled with ferumoxides, MION or CLIO-NH(2), respectively. However, when PLL was added, the incorporation of ferumoxides, MION or CLIO-NH(2) into the hNSCs was comparable to that of tat-CLIO. CONCLUSION: For MR imaging, hNSCs can be efficiently labeled with tat-CLIO alone or with a combination of ferumoxides, MION, CLIO-NH(2) and the transfection agent PLL.     

肝移植大鼠肝内一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的 :探讨移植肝一氧化氮合酶的表达与急性排斥反应间关系及其细胞定位。方法 :应用近交系 BN至 Lew大鼠原位肝移植急性排斥反应及同基因 ( Lew- Lew)肝移植动物模型 ,用免疫组化法检测移植肝组织中诱导型一氧化氮合酶 ( i NOS)的表达。同时观察 i NOS抑制剂氨基胍和免疫抑制剂 FK5 0 6对肝移植术后急性排斥反应的影响。结果 :在急性排斥组 i NOS表达强阳性 ,与氨基胍组、FK5 0 6组及同基因对照组比较差异显著。结论 :在大鼠原位肝移植发生急性排斥反应时 i N-OS增高程度与排斥反应的强度有明显关系。氨基胍、FK5 0 6可以抑制 i NOS的表达。抑制 i NOS的表达可明显减轻移植肝组织的急性排斥反应     

实验性减压病兔血清NO和SOD的含量变化及其意义

目的　探讨一氧化氮 (NO)和超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD)含量在减压病发病过程中的变化及其在发病机制中的意义。方法　将 16只实验兔放入加压舱中 ,于 5 min内用压缩空气加压至 0 .5 MPa,停留 6 0 min,然后于 5 m in内再减至常压。分别于进舱前、出舱后即刻和出舱后 2 4 h,应用心内穿刺方法采血 2 m l,分离血清 ,避免溶血。应用硝酸还原法和改良亚硝酸法分别及时测定血清 NO含量和 SOD活性。结果　 (1)血清中 NO含量在减压出舱后即刻 [(112 .73± 15 .74 ) μm ol/ L]及出舱后 2 4 h[(117.6 0±16 .0 7) μm ol/ L],与进舱前自身对照 [(85 .33± 12 .6 8) μmol/ L]比较 ,明显增高 (P<0 .0 1)。 (2 )血清中SOD活性在出舱后即刻 [(6 5 .97± 16 .5 2 ) NU/ ml]与出舱后 2 4 h[(6 3.0 1± 16 .10 ) NU/ m l],与进舱前[(85 .84± 16 .6 8) NU/ ml]比较 ,均明显降低 (P<0 .0 5 )。结论　 NO含量的增加和 SOD活性的降低可导致自由基生成增加 ,这可能在减压病的继发性损伤中起着重要作用。     

乙醇毒染大鼠睾丸总抗氧化能力、一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的变化与生殖细胞凋亡的关系

目的:探讨饮酒大鼠睾丸总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、一氧化氮(NO)含量和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性的变化与生殖细胞凋亡的关系。方法:20只成年健康SD雄性大鼠随机均分为对照组和实验组,实验组和对照组分别用50%的乙醇溶液和蒸馏水按10 m l/kg每晚灌胃1次连续26 d(两个生精周期)后,用硝酸还原酶法测定睾丸组织中NO含量;用化学比色法测定其T-AOC和NOS活性;原位缺口末端标记(TUNEL)法检测生殖细胞凋亡指数(AI)的变化。结果:与对照组相比,实验组生殖细胞AI增加(P<0.01);睾丸组织T-AOC极显著下降(P<0.01),而NO含量明显上升(P<0.01)、NOS活性显著增强(P<0.01)。结论:大量饮酒能诱导生殖细胞凋亡增加,NOS活性增强导致NO的过量产生及T-AOC的显著下降是其重要原因。     

S-nitrosoglutathione-containing hydrogel accelerates rat cutaneous wound repair

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) plays a key role in wound repair and S-nitrosothiols like S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) are well known NO donors. METHODS: Animals were separated in two groups and submitted to excisional wounds on the dorsal surface at the first day. GSNO (100 microm)-containing hydrogels were topically applied on the wound bed in the GSNO group, daily, during the first 4 days. Control group was topically treated with hydrogel without GSNO for the same period. Wound contraction and re-epithelialization were measured. Animals were sacrificed 21 days after wounding. Samples of lesion and normal tissue were formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded for histological analysis. RESULTS: Wound contraction, measured 14 and 21 days after wounding, was greater in the GSNO group than in the control group (P<0.05 for both). The re-epithelialized wound area, measured 14 days after wounding, was higher in the GSNO group than in the control group (P<0.05). A higher amount of inflammatory cells was observed in superficial and deep areas of the granulation tissue of the control group compared to the GSNO group. Twenty-one days after wounding, thin red-yellow collagen fibers arranged perpendicularly to the surface were found in the granulation tissue of the control group, whereas in the GSNO-treated group collagen fibers were thicker and arranged parallel to the surface. Increased number of mast cells was observed in the GSNO group compared with that in the control group. Vascularization and myofibroblast distribution were similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: Topical application of GSNO-containing hydrogel during the early phases of rat cutaneous wound repair accelerates wound closure and re-epithelialization and affects granulation tissue organization.