Update on the global neurosurgery movement: A systematic review of international vernacular,research trends,and authorship

In 2015, key global and neurosurgical organizations increased collaboration to improve neurosurgical care access, delivery, and outcomes, particularly in low- to middle-income countries (LMICs); sparking what has been termed the global neurosurgery movement. The authors sought to assess trends in usage of the term ‘global neurosurgery’ in academic literature with particular focus on author affiliations, world regions most frequently discussed, and topics of research performed. A PubMed search for articles indexed as ‘global neurosurgery’ was completed yielding 277 articles which met inclusion criteria. It was found that over time, use of the term ‘global neurosurgery’ has increased, with increasing growth notable starting in the year 2008 and continuing into October 2019. Statistical comparisons showed authors with affiliated global neurosurgery centers were more likely to publish studies related to the continent of Africa (47.4% vs 15.9%, p < 0.001), and less likely to focus on countries in Asia (2.6% vs 20.9%, p = 0.023). Use of the term ‘global neurosurgery’ in the article abstract/title/keywords was associated with focus on LMICs (18.6% vs. 5.1%, p = 0.006). Use of the term ‘global neurosurgery’ was associated with workforce and capacity as research topics (41.9% vs 22.6%, p = 0.036). While fairly new, the global neurosurgery movement has seen a rapid increase in publications utilizing the term ‘global neurosurgery.’ Articles frequently have focused on collaborative, targeted workforce capacity building in LMICs. We encourage the development of more global neurosurgery academic centers, especially in non-USA countries, to continue this momentum.     

“MMIF+PBL”教学法在神经外科专科教学中的应用

专科研究生的培养是医学教育中不可或缺的部分,传统的教学模式学生主动性较差,知识传授无法跟上知识更新的速度。PBL教学法(problem based learning)以学生为主体、问题为导向、小组讨论为主要形式,老师为引导者,学生主动进行知识探索,培养自身"归纳"与"查新"能力。多模态影像融合技术将影像信息进行数字化综合处理,并进行可视化,广泛用于临床实践中。两者相结合打破传统教材章节框架的束缚,以具体患者诊疗过程为线索,将枯燥的课本知识变为生动的小组讨论,将抽象的解剖学知识进行三维可视化,并以规范化的形式进行课程实施,理论联系实际,提高了教学效率,并消除时间与场地的限制,使教学效率最大化。本文比较了传统教育模式与新的教育模式,在培养研究生的"归纳"与"查新"能力方面,新的教学模式效率更高,更适合现代神经外科研究生教育。     

Anatomy and White Matter Connections of the Superior Frontal Gyrus

The superior frontal gyrus (SFG) is an important region implicated in a variety of tasks including motor movement, working memory, resting-state, and cognitive control. A detailed understanding of the subcortical white matter of the SFG could improve postoperative morbidity related to surgery around this gyrus. Through DSI-based fiber tractography validated by gross anatomical dissection, we characterized the fiber tracts of the SFG based on their relationships to other well-known neuroanatomic structures. Diffusion imaging from the Human Connectome Project from 10 healthy adult subjects was used for fiber tractography. We evaluated the SFG as a whole based on its connectivity with other regions. All tracts were mapped in both hemispheres, and a lateralization index was calculated based on resultant tract volumes. Ten cadaveric dissections were then performed using a modified Klingler technique to delineate the location of major tracts integrated within the SFG. We identified four major SFG connections: the frontal aslant tract connecting to the inferior frontal gyrus; the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus connecting to the cuneus, lingual gyrus, and superior parietal lobule; the cingulum connecting to the precuneus and parahippocampal gyrus/uncus; and a callosal fiber bundle connecting the SFG bilaterally. The functional networks of the SFG involve a complex series of white matter tracts integrated within the gyrus, including the FAT, IFOF, cingulum, and callosal fibers. Postsurgical outcomes related to this region may be better understood in the context of the fiber-bundle anatomy highlighted in this study. Clin. Anat. 33:823–832, 2020. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Theoretical model for laser ablation outcome predictions in brain: calibration and validation on clinical MR thermometry images

Purpose: Neurosurgical laser ablation is experiencing a renaissance. Computational tools for ablation planning aim to further improve the intervention. Here, global optimisation and inverse problems are demonstrated to train a model that predicts maximum laser ablation extent.

Methods: A closed-form steady state model is trained on and then subsequently compared to N?=?20 retrospective clinical MR thermometry datasets. Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) is calculated to provide a measure of region overlap between the 57?°C isotherms of the thermometry data and the model-predicted ablation regions; 57?°C is a tissue death surrogate at thermal steady state. A global optimisation scheme samples the dominant model parameter sensitivities, blood perfusion (ω) and optical parameter (μ_eff) values, throughout a parameter space totalling 11?440 value-pairs. This represents a lookup table of μ_eff–ω pairs with the corresponding DSC value for each patient dataset. The μ_eff–ω pair with the maximum DSC calibrates the model parameters, maximising predictive value for each patient. Finally, leave-one-out cross-validation with global optimisation information trains the model on the entire clinical dataset, and compares against the model naïvely using literature values for ω and μ_eff.

Results: When using naïve literature values, the model’s mean DSC is 0.67 whereas the calibrated model produces 0.82 during cross-validation, an improvement of 0.15 in overlap with the patient data. The 95% confidence interval of the mean difference is 0.083–0.23 (p?Conclusions: During cross-validation, the calibrated model is superior to the naïve model as measured by DSC, with +22% mean prediction accuracy. Calibration empowers a relatively simple model to become more predictive.     

神经外科患者肺部感染的护理干预

目的 分析神经外科住院患者发生肺部感染的原因及常见致病菌,探讨肺部感染的护理干预措施.方法 回顾性分析我院2013年1月至2014年6月神经外科136例肺部感染患者的临床资料,得出感染原因及致病菌分布情况,并制定护理干预对策.结果 患者发生肺部感染的原因包括患者长期昏迷、排痰不畅,误吸,呼吸机的使用,院内交叉感染,广谱抗生素的应用等.常见致病菌为铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠埃希菌.其中多重耐药菌株28例,占25％,护理对策为进行早期的呼吸道护理,加强翻身拍背,促进排痰,避免误吸,有效控制肺部感染.结论 积极分析患者肺部感染的原因,加强呼吸道护理,避免发生肺部感染的诱发因素,有利于降低患者肺部感染的发生率,提高患者的护理质量及治疗效果.     

神经外科常见引流管相关并发症的分析及护理对策

目的 分析神经外科常见引流管相关并发症,总结护理经验.方法 选择我院近两年神经外科住院病人术后留置引流管的患者作为研究对象,加强护理前的为对照组,共153例,加强护理后的为研究组,共135例,分析术后引流管相关并发症的发生率及原因,得出安全、有效、可行的护理措施.结果 对照组有20例发生引流管相关并发症,发生率为13.1％;研究组发生4例并发症,发生率为3.0％,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜ 0.05).正确、细心、及时的术后引流护理是降低术后并发症的关键和保证.结论 加强神经外科术后常见引流管的护理管理,细致认真的临床观察,维持有效的引流,严格控制引流量,结合引流情况及时调节引流管位置,对预防并发症,提高治愈率至关重要.     

神经外科患者围手术期感染病原菌调查分析

目的了解神经外科患者围手术期感染病原菌的构成特点,为临床诊治及科学选药提供依据。方法回顾性统计分析2010年8月-2013年7月神经外科患者病原学标本中分离出的阳性病原菌和药敏监测资料,药敏试验采用K-B纸片法。结果神经外科患者围手术期感染病原菌标本来源以痰液和粪便标本为主,分别占59.49%和25.90%;共分离病原菌390株,其中革兰阴性菌199株占51.02%,革兰阳性菌65株占16.67%,真菌126株占32.31%;主要革兰阴性菌和革兰阳性菌对多数青霉素类、头孢菌素类、喹诺酮类的耐药率>70.00%,假丝酵母菌属对益康唑、伊曲康唑和酮康唑也有少数耐药现象。结论神经外科感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要病原菌对常用抗菌药物均产生了较严重的耐药性,临床应针对感染的高危因素严格落实各项控制措施,根据药敏结果合理选择抗菌药物。     

Progress in neurosurgery: Contributions of women neurosurgeons in the Middle East

The Middle East is known for its complex history and rich environment and culture. The region is home to a wide variety of traditions, cultures and religions, which have made the area vulnerable to political conflicts. Despite these difficulties, science and medicine have always thrived in the region, with many medical practices and principles established by physicians and scholars living in the Middle East. The first academic neurosurgical activity in the region started in the 1950s. The first women neurosurgeons in the Middle East started training in the 1970s, and were from Iran, Palestine, followed by Saudi Arabia in the 1970s. These pioneers have encountered serious challenges, yet have become role models for the next generation. These women have paved the way and facilitated neurosurgical training and practice for more women surgeons. The gradual increase in the number of women neurosurgical residents in the region leads to the expectation that women will play a more prominent role in the future as leaders in neurosurgery in the Middle East. This collaborative study, which identifies the known women neurosurgeons in the Middle East for the first time, may serve to provide background and context for further contributions of women neurosurgeons for our profession and our patients.     

Predictors of thermal response and lesion size in patients undergoing magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound thalamotomy

Magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is being increasingly utilized in the treatment of movement disorders such as essential tremor (ET) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Whilst skull density ratio (SDR) has previously been correlated with achieving lesional temperature rises, other patient factors such as brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume have not previously been investigated. We aimed to investigate the effect of brain and CSF volumes on lesional temperature rises, as well as the effect of brain and CSF volumes and SDR on post-treatment lesion sizes. Fifty-four consecutive patients were studied with patient and treatment-related variables collected along with post-treatment lesion sizes. Linear regression analysis identified that SDR alone was associated with lesional temperatures. Both SDR and brain atrophy were associated with post-treatment lesion sizes on linear regression analysis. On multiple linear regression analysis SDR was significantly associated with post-treatment lesion size, and the association between brain atrophy and lesion sizes approached significance, a finding that warrants further investigation.