Pediatric staghorn calculi: the role of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy monotherapy with special reference to ureteral stenting

PURPOSE: Treatment for staghorn calculi in children represents a unique challenge. We assessed the efficacy of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) (Dornier Medical Systems, Inc., Marietta, Georgia) monotherapy for the management of staghorn calculi in children with special reference to ureteral stenting. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From June 1992 to January 2001 we treated 42 children 9 months to 12 years old with staghorn stones using the Piezolith 2501 (Richard Wolf GmBH, Knittlingen, Germany) lithotriptor. The initial group of 19 patients underwent ESWL without prophylactic ureteral stenting, while in the latter group of 23 a Double-J (Medical Engineering Corp., New York, New York) ureteral stent was inserted immediately before the first ESWL session. Mean patient age, stone size, number of shock waves and ESWL sessions, hospital stay, stone-free rate and major complications were compared in the 2 groups. RESULTS: Overall 33 children (79%) were stone-free after 3 months. The 2 groups were comparable in regard to patient age, stone size, number of shock waves and ESWL sessions, and stone-free rates. Major complications developed in 21% of the unstented group, whereas none were observed in stented cases. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.035). Seven post-ESWL auxiliary procedures were required in the unstented group to manage complications. Hospital stay was significantly longer in the unstented compared with the stented group (p = 0.022). At a followup of 9 to 102 months (mean 47) stones recurred in 2 children, who were treated with further ESWL. CONCLUSIONS: ESWL monotherapy was an efficient and safe modality for the treatment of staghorn calculi in children. Stented patients had fewer major complications and a shorter hospital stay. Prophylactic ureteral stenting is advisable before ESWL for staghorn calculi in children.     

经耻骨上膀胱造瘘途径治疗膀胱结石

目的：探讨经耻骨上膀胱造瘘途径治疗膀胱结石的方法。方法：经尿道插入膀胱镜或电切镜，行耻骨上膀胱造瘘，自造瘘通道插入气压弹道碎石冲击杆，内镜直视下行气压弹道碎石术，同时行经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)者先碎石后再行TURP。结果：所有病例均一次碎石成功，碎石时间15—45min，未出现并发症，无结石残留。结论：该方法安全可靠，损伤轻微，操作方便，治疗费用低。     

阿片类药物对老年患者经尿道激光碎石术苏醒质量的影响

目的 观察阿片类药物对老年患者经尿道激光碎石术苏醒质量的影响. 方法 择期经尿道激光碎石手术患者134例,年龄65～79岁,ASA分级Ⅰ、Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法分为3组:瑞芬太尼组(R组)46例、瑞芬太尼+芬太尼组(RF组)44例、芬太尼组(F组)44例.R组,采用丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼靶控输注(target-controlled infusion,TCI)进行麻醉诱导和麻醉维持;RF组,丙泊酚TCI麻醉诱导,静脉注射芬太尼2μg/kg,丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼TCI麻醉维持;F组,丙泊酚TCI麻醉诱导,芬太尼4 μg/kg,丙泊酚TCI麻醉维持.手术结束后送入PACU,记录患者被转入PACU时(T1)、拔除喉罩前2 min (T2)、拔除喉罩即刻(T3)和拔除喉罩后5 min(Td)4个时间点的MAP、HR,记录拔除喉罩后VAS评分和苏醒期芬太尼用量,记录患者睁眼时间、拔除喉罩时间和PACU驻留时间. 结果 麻醉苏醒期间R组在T1～T3时点MAP[(110±18)、(122±13)、(121±14) mmHg(1 mmHg=0A33 kPa)]和HR[(79±15)、(97±17)、(99±18)次/min]高于RF组(P＜0.05);R组VAS[(1.8±1.4)分]高于RF组[(0.9±0.9)分]和F组[(0.9±0.9)分](P＜0.05);R组需芬太尼镇痛患者比例高于其他两组(P＜0.05);F组的睁眼时间、拔喉罩时间以及PACU驻留时间比RF组和R组长(P＜0.05). 结论 老年患者经尿道激光碎石术应用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼+芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉比丙泊酚单纯复合瑞芬太尼或芬太尼苏醒期间血流动力学平稳、苏醒迅速、术后镇痛效果好.     

三金排石汤配合钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床疗效

目的：观察三金排石汤配合钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石的临床疗效。方法：收集2018年3月—2021年3月在我院治疗的输尿管上段结石患者120例,随机将其为治疗组与对照组,每组60例。对照组仅给予输尿管镜钬激光碎石治疗,治疗组联合三金排石汤治疗。治疗后比较两组的总有效率、炎症指标、安全指标、中医症侯积分、生活质量（QOL）评分、视觉模拟疼痛（VAS）评分、结石清除率、结石复发率。结果：治疗组临床总有效率、结石清除率分别为98.3%、95.0%,均高于对照组91.7%、85.0%,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）;对照组结石复发率为16.7%,高于治疗组3.3%,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）。治疗后,两组中医症侯积分、QOL评分、VAS评分较治疗前均明显下降,且治疗组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P <0.05）,结论：三金排石汤配合钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管上段结石安全性高,疗效确切,可以提高术后结石清除率,降低结石复发率,减轻患者的痛苦,提高其生活质量。     

TURP联合肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗前列腺增生合并膀胱结石

目的探讨经尿道前列腺电切术(TURP)联合肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗前列腺增生(BPH)合并膀胱结石的疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析我院2009年7月—2013年12月行TURP联合肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗的67例BPH合并膀胱结石患者的临床资料,分析其疗效和不良事件发生情况。结果 67例手术均成功,无大出血、膀胱穿孔及前列腺电切综合征等严重并发症。手术时间35~85(58.7±14.0)min,碎石手术时间5~43(22.6±7.8)min,TURP手术时间25~65(40.3±10.4)min。术后随访5~58(28.3±14.1)个月,无远期并发症。结论 TURP联合肾镜下气压弹道碎石术治疗BPH合并膀胱结石安全、有效,手术时间短且并发症少,尤其适合基层医院采用。     

经皮肾微造瘘气压弹道碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石

目的总结经皮肾微造瘘取石术（MPCNL）配合气压弹道碎石治疗复杂性肾结石的经验。方法本组复杂性肾结石患者53例，男29例，女24例；其中单侧复杂性肾结石45例，双侧8例。先采用经皮肾微造瘘气压弹道碎石取石术治疗，较大残留结行再行体外冲击波碎石术（ESWL）。结果一次取石45例，二次取石3例，5例残留结石，配合ESWL，结石取净率93．4％。平均手术时间为95min，出血100-800ml，无大出血、尿瘘、气胸、假性尿液囊肿、腹腔脏器损伤等严重的并发症。结论MPCNL配合气压弹道碎石治疗复杂性肾结石安全、有效。具有损伤小、出血少、恢复快等的优点。     

Evaluation of a synchronous twin-pulse technique for shock wave lithotripsy: a prospective randomized study of effectiveness and safety in comparison to standard single-pulse technique

OBJECTIVE

To asses the efficacy and safety of bidirectional synchronous twin‐pulse extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) compared with standard ESWL.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between March 2003 and December 2006, 240 patients with a radio‐opaque single renal stone of ≤25 mm were randomized to treatment either by the Twinheads (TH) lithotripter (FMD, Lorton, Virginia, USA) or the Dornier Lithotripter S (DLS, Dornier MedTech Europe GmbH, Germering, Germany). Before and after ESWL, urinary N‐acetyl‐B‐glucosaminidase (NAG) levels were assessed and patients were evaluated with dynamic MRI. The efficacy and complications were compared, with success defined as no residual fragments.

RESULTS

For stones of >10 mm the rate for the failure of disintegration was 13.3% for the DLS vs 1.4% for the TH (P = 0.009). For stones of ≤10 mm the stone‐free rate was 74.4% for the TH vs 67.7% for the DLS (P = 0.6), while for stones of >10 mm it was 78.1% and 66.7%, respectively (P = 0.14). The median (range) number of sessions in both groups was 2 (1–5). After ESWL urinary NAG levels were increased significantly in both groups; in the TH group it declined below the level before ESWL after 2 days, while in the DLS group it remained high after 7 days. In the DLS group four patients developed subcapsular or parenchymal haematoma after ESWL, vs none in the TH group. There was loss of corticomedullary differentiation after ESWL in three patients in the DLS group and only one in the TH group. In the DLS group there was a statistically significantly decrease in bilateral renal perfusion after ESWL, but no changes in the TH group.

CONCLUSIONS

Synchronous twin‐pulse ESWL has clinical advantages over standard ESWL in terms of safety and efficacy.     

输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石110例

目的总结输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石的临床效果。方法采用F8/9.8 Wolf硬性输尿管镜、JUN—AIR气压弹道碎石机治疗110例输尿管结石。结果输尿管镜直视下一次碎石成功105例，成功率95．5％（105／110），1～6周内结石全部排净。2例因置镜失败改开放手术，3例输尿管上段结石上移至肾脏行ESWL2例，口服排石药物治疗1例。术后泌尿系感染5例，轻度肉眼血尿1～3d。结论输尿管镜气压弹道碎石是治疗输尿管中、下段结石的有效方法之一，具有碎石率高、安全、并发症少、操作简单的优点。     

经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石术治疗复杂性肾结石150例报告

目的探讨经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石的疗效。方法全麻下经膀胱镜先向患侧逆行插入输尿管导管,俯卧位,在B超或X线引导下,向目标肾盏穿刺,建立皮肾通道,肾镜下用气压弹道联合超声腔内碎石机碎石取石。结果单通道取石137例,双通道取石11例,三通道取石2例;一次取石119例,二次取石27例,三次取石4例。手术时间（88±34）min。1例术后当晚发生感染性休克,经抗休克治疗后缓解;2例术后2周继发出血,保守治疗后缓解。术后3个月结石取净率为84.7%（127/150）;23例残余结石中,术后10例行ESWL治疗,其中7例结石排净,余13例口服排石药,术后6个月随访结石排净率为89.3%（134/150）。结论经皮肾镜气压弹道联合超声碎石取石术治疗复杂性肾结石效率高,安全有效,损伤小,可以解决开放手术难以处理的复杂性肾结石。     

半硬质输尿管镜操作引起输尿管或肾实质穿通损伤的分析

目的提高对半硬质输尿管镜操作中的穿通性损伤发生的认识及预防能力。方法回顾性分析2004年9月至2008年10月间我科收治的半硬质输尿管镜操作所致泌尿系统损伤11例,其中输尿管穿孔4例,输尿管假道2例,结石穿出输尿管3例,肾实质穿通性损伤2例。结果输尿管损伤者中6例接受手术修补输尿管并留置双J管,3例输尿管假道或结石穿出者在输尿管镜下放置双J管。术后三至四周拔除双J管,均恢复良好。对肾实质穿孔者,1例采用手术引流,1例证实为肾结核而行患’肾切除并抗结核治疗而治愈。结论输尿管或肾实质穿孔是半硬质输尿管镜操作中的较重并发症。正确的病例选择、良好的手术视野和尽可能低的灌注压力有利于避免这些并发症的发生。