优化输液中心流程 缩短患者候诊时间

目的优化门诊输液中心的工作流程,提高服务质量。方法对某医院门诊输液中心的工作流程进行调查,针对输液流程中的瓶颈环节进行优化,观察现行的工作流程和流程优化后患者的候诊时间。结果在现行的工作流程模式下,患者的平均候诊时间较长。通过优化输液流程,患者的平均候诊时间和最大候诊时间可分别从15.87分钟和28.02分钟缩短为5.72分钟和10.87分钟。结论优化后的输液流程在患者候诊时间和服务质量方面比较合理,是输液中心较好的运行方案。     

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetes: patient populations,safety, efficacy,and pharmacoeconomics

The level of glycaemic control necessary to achieve optimal short‐term and long‐term outcomes in subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) typically requires intensified insulin therapy using multiple daily injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. For continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, the insulins of choice are the rapid‐acting insulin analogues, insulin aspart, insulin lispro and insulin glulisine. The advantages of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion over multiple daily injections in adult and paediatric populations with T1DM include superior glycaemic control, lower insulin requirements and better health‐related quality of life/patient satisfaction. An association between continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion and reduced hypoglycaemic risk is more consistent in children/adolescents than in adults. The use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is widely recommended in both adult and paediatric T1DM populations but is limited in pregnant patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus. All available rapid‐acting insulin analogues are approved for use in adult, paediatric and pregnant populations. However, minimum patient age varies (insulin lispro: no minimum; insulin aspart: ≥2 years; insulin glulisine: ≥6 years) and experience in pregnancy ranges from extensive (insulin aspart, insulin lispro) to limited (insulin glulisine). Although more expensive than multiple daily injections, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion is cost‐effective in selected patient groups. This comprehensive review focuses on the European situation and summarises evidence for the efficacy and safety of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, particularly when used with rapid‐acting insulin analogues, in adult, paediatric and pregnant populations. The review also discusses relevant European guidelines; reviews issues that surround use of this technology; summarises the effects of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion on patients' health‐related quality of life; reviews relevant pharmacoeconomic data; and discusses recent advances in pump technology, including the development of closed‐loop ‘artificial pancreas’ systems. © 2015 The Authors. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.     

重症烧伤患者急救期输液及营养的路径护理

目的讨论研究对重症烧伤患者实行急救期输液及营养的路径护理的临床疗效与意义。方法选择医院烧伤科重症烧伤患者100例随机分组委观察组与对照组各50例。对照组给予急救期输液及营养常规护理。观察组提供急救期营养及输液路径护理。比较两组患者不同护理方式后营养状况、不良反应人数及护理满意度。结果治疗后观察组各项营养指标均显著优于对照组(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生人数较少,护理服务满意程度较高。结论为重症烧伤患者提供急救期输液与营养路径护理可降低不良反应发生率并为患者加强营养支持,增强免疫力,有助于帮助其有效度过危险期,可促进患者后期治疗与恢复,更有助于拉近护患距离,提升医疗护理服务满意度。     

Time course of arsenic species in red blood cells of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients treated with single agent arsenic trioxide

Background:Arsenic trioxide (ATO) is widely applied to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). To elucidate metabolism and toxicity of arsenic, we analyzed time course of arsenic species in red blood cells (RBCs) of APL patients.

Methods:Nine APL patients received ATO (0.16 mg/kg/day) through 18-h infusion. Blood was collected before daily administration (days 2 to 9), and at different time points on day 8. Inorganic arsenic (iAs), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) were detected by HPLC-ICP-MS.

Results:Arsenic species reached C_max at 18 h on day 8. Arsenicals gradually accumulated during days 2 to 9, whereas their percentages remained almost constant. The general trend in red blood cells (RBCs) was iAs > MMA > DMA. MMA was consistently the predominant methylated arsenic metabolite in RBCs. iAs, MMA, and tAs (tAs = iAs + DMA + MMA) concentrations (P < 0.0001), MMA/DMA ratios (P = 0.0016) and iAs% (P = 0.0013) were higher in RBCs than in plasma.

Conclusions:Time course of arsenic species reveal kinetic characteristic of ATO metabolites in RBCs. Arsenic species accumulated with administration frequency. Arsenic species in RBCs were remarkably different from those in plasma. Time course of arsenic species in RBCs is important in ATO clinical application.     

Therapeutic plasma exchange as treatment for propofol infusion syndrome

Propofol infusion syndrome (PRIS), a rare complication of propofol sedation, is associated with high mortality. There is no specific therapy. A 16‐year‐old with head injury and status epilepticus is described. Three days after seizure resolution, whilst receiving propofol, he developed severe lactic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, and hemodynamic instability. Suspected PRIS was treated with a single session of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). This was associated with immediate improvement in hemodynamic status, resolution of lactic acidosis within 24 h, normalization of CPK over 10 days, and a subsequent full recovery. TPE is suggested as a novel therapy for PRIS. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:311–313, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Isolated limb infusion: Efficacy,toxicity and an evolution in the management of in-transit melanoma

BACKGROUND:Isolated limb infusion (ILI) delivers low-flow chemotherapy via percutaneous catheters to treat melanoma in-transit metastases.OBJECTIVE:To describe the experience of two regional referral centres with ILI.METHODS:A retrospective review of patients who underwent ILI between 2002 and 2012 was performed. Outcomes were measured using the WHO criteria for response, the Wieberdink toxicity score and long-term limb function using the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS).RESULTS:Fifty-two patients (mean age 66 years [range 27 to 90 years], female sex 65%, and lower [treated] limb in 86%) with 54 ILIs were reviewed. Wieberdink toxicity score was ≥3 in 21 (39%) procedures. Median follow-up was 18 months (range one to 117 months). Initial complete response (CR) was 29%, partial response 27%, stable disease 18% and progressive disease 27%. Predictors of better initial response were low disease burden and previous treatment. One or more treatments after ILI were common (65%). At 12 months, 19% of ILI patients had died from melanoma but 44% of surviving patients experienced limb CR. At 24 months, 57% of surviving patients experienced limb CR. The quality of life in the surviving, contactable patients according to the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score was 89%.CONCLUSION:Even if ILI does not result in CR for melanoma intransit metastases. it may slow disease progression as a single therapy, but more frequently in combination with other modalities.     

Evaluation of a novel flow-controlled syringe infusion pump for precise and continuous drug delivery at low flow rates: a laboratory study

Syringe infusion pumps are used for the administration of short-acting drugs in anaesthesia and critical care medicine, but are prone to flow irregularities at low flow rates. A flow-controlled syringe infusion pump using an integrated flow sensor for feedback control represents a new approach to overcoming these limitations. This study compares the performance of a prototype flow-controlled syringe pump both at start-up, and during vertical displacement manoeuvres, with that of a standard infusion syringe pump. The novel pump almost completely eliminated delays at start-up and flow irregularities during hydrostatic pressure changes. Related fluctuations in plasma drug concentration were minimised and the known disadvantages of standard syringe infusion pumps currently used in clinical practice were reduced. Besides providing fast start-up to steady-state flow and precise continuous drug delivery at low flow rates during hydrostatic pressure changes, the new pump offers the potential for the development of target-controlled infusion algorithms for short-acting cardiovascular and other drugs.     

自然杀伤细胞治疗急性髓系白血病的研究进展

自然杀伤细胞(natural killer cell,NK)为一种存在于天然免疫系统中的淋巴细胞,具有杀伤肿瘤细胞和抗病毒感染的能力,在天然免疫和过继免疫治疗中发挥重要作用。随着NK细胞的特征和功能越来越被熟知,其已被广泛应用于临床抗肿瘤治疗,特别是血液系统恶性肿瘤如急性髓系白血病(acute myeloid leukemia,AML)、淋巴瘤等治疗。目前,基于NK细胞的免疫治疗主要包括自体NK细胞输注、异体NK细胞输注、嵌合抗原修饰NK(chimeric antigen receptor,CAR)细胞输注以及基于NK细胞的其他免疫治疗等。以NK细胞为基础的免疫治疗旨在增强NK细胞的抗肿瘤能力以及克服肿瘤免疫逃逸。随着研究进展,NK细胞将成为治疗AML的有效方法。     

不同包装形式基础输液生产质量内控标准调查研究

目的：考查不同包装形式基础输液的生产质量内控标准。方法：通过调研问卷调查7家基础输液生产企业关于细菌内毒素、不溶性微粒、漏液率、组合盖穿刺落屑的企业标准，并与国家标准/行业标准进行对照。结果：不同包装形式基础输液在细菌内毒素、不溶性微粒、漏液率、胶塞穿刺落屑四个方面的生产质量标准较国家标准/行业标准均有不同程度的提高。结论：生产企业的内控标准均较国家标准/行业标准更为严格，各类材料和包装形式的基础输液产品在保证临床用药安全、便捷等方面发挥了重要作用，建议将不同包装形式的技术、材料成本与药品安全性、使用便捷性挂钩，这对鼓励创新、促进公平竞争十分重要。