The hippocampus and neurotransplantation

The present article is a review of our own results from histological and electron microscopic studies of hippocampal neurotransplants with different levels of integration with recipient brains. A model providing complete isolation from the brain was obtained using transplants developing in the anterior chamber of the eye. The growth, development, and cytological composition of transplanted tissue was found to depend on factors such as the age of the donor embryo tissue, the genetic compatibility between the donor and recipient, and the level of integration with the brain. Ultrastructural analysis of intraocular and intracortical transplants showed that overall, nerve and glial cells have the characteristics of highly differentiated, mature elements; the numerical density and structures of synaptic contacts were similar to those in normal conditions. However, transplanted tissues contained morphological features providing evidence of continuing growth of several nerve processes and increases in non-synaptic and transport-metabolic intercellular interactions. The ultrastructural deviations observed here are regarded as the manifestations of compensatory-adaptive changes during the development of tissues in conditions deficient in natural afferent synaptic influences. It is also demonstrated that the axons of transplanted neurons lacking adequate cellular targets can establish functional synaptic contacts with neuronal elements in the recipient brain which are not their normal targets.Translated from Zhurnal Vysshei Nervnoi Deyatelnosti, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 149–162, March–April, 2004.     

OGD增加小鼠离体海马组织内cPKCβII和nPKCε的膜转位

目的:通过观察无糖低氧(OGD)刺激对小鼠海马脑片内蛋白激酶C(PKC)特定亚型膜转位水平(激活程度)的影响,进一步证实我们在整体低氧预适应小鼠模型上所获实验结果,并为离体海马脑片缺血/低氧预适应(I/HPC)模型建立及后续药物干预实验打下基础。方法:急性分离小鼠海马组织、制备400!μm厚度的脑片,并用无糖低氧(OGD)人工脑脊液(ACSF)模拟缺血/低氧刺激;应用SDS-PAGE和Westernbolt等生化技术,并结合GelDoc凝胶成像系统,半定量检测OGD刺激2、5、10、15和30min后海马脑片内cPKCβII和nPKCε的膜转位水平。结果:OGD刺激可增高海马脑片内cPKCβII和nPKCε的膜转位水平,且这种增高从刺激5min开始持续至30min均有显著差异(P<0.001,n=6)。结论:实验结果进一步证实cPKCβII和nPKCε可能参与脑缺血/低氧性预适应的形成过程,并提示OGD10min作为制备离体海马脑片I/HPC模型的预处理刺激较为合理。     

热休克蛋白70对小鼠海马CA3 区神经元损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨心理应激对海马CA3区神经元凋亡的影响,热休克蛋白70(Hsp70)对心理应激引起的海马CA3区神经元凋亡的保护作用。方法:建立心理应激、热应激(Heat Shock Pretreatment)、心理应激加热应激三种动物模型,利用免疫组化和TUNEL分别检测海马CA3区神经元在第1、2、3个月三个时间段的Hsp70表达和神经元凋亡水平。结果:有心理应激的各组动物海马凋亡神经元数高对照组(P<0·05),热应激加心理应激组凋亡神经元在2、3个月时较同时段心理应激组下降(P<0·05),但热应激组与对照组间差异没有显著性。有热应激各组Hsp70表达数高于无热应激的两组(P<0·01)。海马CA3区Hsp70表达水平与神经元调亡水平呈负相关(r=-0·26,P=0·03)。结论:热应激可促进海马Hsp70的表达,热休克蛋白70对心理应激导致的海马CA3区神经元损伤有保护作用。     

Psychoemotional manifestations in hippocampectomized rats

The effects of lesioning of the dorsal hippocampus on the psychoemotional state of Wistar rats were studied. Hippocampal lesions did not affect the learning process, but affected mainly the pattern of psychoemotional manifestations in all animals regardless of the typology of higher nervous activity. All animals showed reductions in the extremes of types of passive and active stress reactions. Individual effects depended on the behavioral phenotypes of the animals. Hippocampal lesions in rapidly learning rats (10%) led to sharp decreases in irritability (active/passive = 0.35/0.5 instead of 1.0/0.4), while passive-defensive manifestations were not altered. In slowly learning animals (30%), hippocampal lesions were not accompanied by qualitative changes in the patterns of psychoemotional manifestations, while non-learning rats (60%) showed decreases in passive and increases in active manifestations (active/passive = 0.45/1.4 instead of 0.3/1.9). It is suggested that the hippocampus is involved in producing psychoemotional reactions, individual patterns of which depend on the morphofunctional characteristics of the system responsible for organizing the psychoemotional state.Translated from Rossiiskii Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 89, No. 7, pp. 868–878, July, 2003.     

关于海马内突触小球超微结构的辨认

用电镜技术对大白鼠海马ＣＡｌ区的突触小球超微结构作了观察，发现有二种形态的突触小球。一种是小球的突触神经成分均封闭在球内，另一种是小球内的苔状纤维终末与球外神经毯内的树突于形成轴－树突触。小球的中央轴突终末即是苔状纤维终末，它不仅与树突侧棘形成轴－棘突触，而且与树突形成轴－树突触。树－树突触在小球内亦可见到。本文就突触小球的结构成分和突触小球的概念等问题进行了讨论。     

Effect of Kindling on GABAergic Neurons of the Hippocampus and Pyriform Cortex

GABAergic neurons in different fields of the hippocampus and pyriform cortex were examined 2 weeks and 1 month after electric stimulation of the ventral hippocampus. The counts of GABAergic neurons in the studied structures decreased significantly. The most pronounced shifts in the pyriform cortex were found in the central compartment. Decreased number of inhibitory elements in the two major epileptogenic structures attests to appreciable restructuring in the functions of their neuronal circles. __________ Translated from Byulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 140, No. 7, pp. 57–59, July, 2005     

Effect of acoustic stimulation on GABAergic neurons in limbic structures of Krushinskii-Molodkina rats

Quantitative study of GABAergic and main cells in the hippocampus and piriform cortex of Krushinskii-Molodkina rats was performed 1 month after the incidence of seizure activity evoked by acoustic stimulation. The number of neurons significantly decreased in both regions and, particularly, in the hippocampus and central area of the piriform cortex. __________ Translated from Byulleten’ Eksperimental’noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 145, No. 4, pp. 375–377, April, 2008     

大鼠海马CA1区酶组织化学研究

本文用组织化学方法,选择能反映神经组织糖代谢三个途径的关键酸及碱性磷酸酶,对正常SD系大鼠海马酶活性进行半定量研究.结果CA1区锥体层琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)及细胞色素氧化酶(CCO)呈轻度反应,葡萄糖-6一磷酸脱氢酶(G—6—PD)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)呈强阳性.腔隙分子层LDH、G—6—PD呈轻度活性,CCO、SDH呈强阳性.CA1区锥体层碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活性最弱.讨论了酶活性不同与记忆的关系及临床意义.     

Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase increases synaptophysin mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation of rats

Synaptophysin is a protein involved in the biogenesis of synaptic vesicles and budding. It has been used as an important tool to investigate plastic effects on synaptic transmission. Nitric oxide (NO) can influence plastic changes in specific brain regions related to cognition and emotion. Experimental evidence suggests that NO and synaptophysin are co-localized in several brain regions and that NO may change synaptophysin expression. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to investigate if inhibition of NO formation would change synaptophysin mRNA expression in the hippocampal formation. Male Wistar rats received single or repeated (once a day for 4 days) i.p. injections of saline or l-nitro-arginine (l-NOARG, 40 mg/kg), a non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). Twenty-four hours after the last injection the animals were sacrificed and their brains removed for ‘in situ’ hybridization study using ³⁵S-labeled oligonucleotide probe complementary to synaptophysin mRNA. The results were analyzed by computerized densitometry. Acute administration of l-NOARG induced a significant (p < 0.05, ANOVA) increase in synaptophysin mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus, CA1 and CA3. The effect disappeared after repeated drug administration. No change was found in the striatum, cingulated cortex, substantia nigra or nucleus accumbens. These results reinforce the proposal that nitric oxide is involved in plastic events in the hippocampus.     

骨髓基质细胞移植促进脑缺血大鼠海马巢蛋白的表达

目的:探讨移植骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)对永久性局灶性脑缺血大鼠海马巢蛋白表达的影响。方法:制备永久性局灶性脑缺血大鼠模型,分为PBS对照组和治疗组,再将每组动物随机均分为脑缺血后7d和14d亚组。PBS对照组在脑缺血后1d注射PBS,治疗组在脑缺血后第1日移植BMSCs。Zausinger六分法检测神经功能恢复情况;免疫组织化学方法检测大鼠海马的巢蛋白表达。结果:在脑缺血后第7日和第14日两个时相点,治疗组的神经功能评分均较高,与PBS对照组之间存在显著性差异;齿状回的颗粒细胞下层、颗粒细胞层和海马锥体细胞层均有巢蛋白表达,在脑缺血后第14日,治疗组的大鼠患侧海马的巢蛋白阳性细胞较对照组表达高,存在显著性差异。结论:BMSCs可以改善脑缺血大鼠的神经功能;促进海马内神经干细胞或反应性星形胶质细胞增殖可能为其修复缺血脑损伤的机制之一。