龟鹿二仙胶对糖尿病大鼠生殖损伤的保护作用及机制

目的 探索龟鹿二仙胶改善糖尿病大鼠生殖损伤的疗效及可能作用机制。方法 将53只SD雄鼠随机分成5组，选取其中1组作为正常组，剩余4组合并成造模组用高脂饲料喂养联合30 mg·kg^-1链脲佐菌素（STZ）腹腔注射建立糖尿病模型，以连续3次随机血糖均>16.7 mmol·L^-1作为纳入糖尿病生殖损伤模型标准。将成模的大鼠按血糖高低随机分成模型组、龟鹿二仙胶组（2 g·kg^-1）、维生素E组（0.03 g·kg^-1）、五子衍宗丸组（0.6 g·kg^-1），给予相应药物剂量灌胃，每天1次，连续治疗4周，每周测体质量和血糖。4周后取材进行指标检测，苏木素-伊红（HE）染色观察睾丸及附睾组织形态学变化，原位末端标记法（TUNEL）染色观察睾丸细胞凋亡情况；精液分析仪检测精子浓度和精子活力；酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）检测血清卵泡刺激素（FSH）、黄体生成素（LH）、睾酮（T）水平；ELISA检测睾丸组织超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、丙二醇（MDA）、活性氧（ROS）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）含量；蛋白免疫印迹法（Western blot）检测睾丸组织Nrf2、HO-1、Bax、Bcl-2蛋白表达。结果 与正常组比较，模型组大鼠睾丸组织萎缩，生精小管数量减少，附睾管壁增生，管腔狭窄；精子浓度和活力下降（P<0.01）；血清T、FSH和LH水平降低（P<0.01）；睾丸中ROS和MDA含量增加（P<0.01），SOD和GSH-Px水平减少（P<0.01）；Bax表达增加（P<0.01），Nrf2、HO-1、Bcl-2表达降低（P<0.01）。与模型组比较，龟鹿二仙胶组睾丸及附睾组织病变得到一定改善；精子浓度和活力提升（P<0.05，P<0.01）；血清T和LH含量上升（P<0.05，P<0.01），FSH含量差异无统计学意义；睾丸中ROS和MDA含量降低（P<0.01），SOD和GSH-Px水平增加（P<0.01）；Bax表达下降（P<0.01），Nrf2、HO-1、Bcl-2表达上升（P<0.05，P<0.01）。结论 龟鹿二仙胶能在一定程度上改善糖尿病大鼠生殖损伤，提升精子质量，其机制可能与改善氧化应激，抗凋亡作用有关。     

Vaccinations in early life are not associated with development of islet autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes high-risk children: Results from prospective cohort data

Aims/hypothesisVaccinations in early childhood potentially stimulate the immune system and may thus be relevant for the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). We determined the association of vaccination burden with T1D-associated islet autoimmunity in children with high familial risk followed prospectively from birth.MethodsA total of 20,570 certified vaccination records from 1918 children were correlated with time to onset of T1D-associated islet autoimmunity using Cox regression, considering multiple time periods up until age two years and vaccination types, and adjusting for HLA genotype, sex, delivery mode, season of birth, preterm delivery and maternal T1D status. Additionally, prospective claims data of 295,420 subjects were used to validate associations for the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) vaccination.ResultsMost vaccinations were not associated with a significantly increased hazard ratio (HR) for islet autoimmunity (e.g. HR [95% confidence interval]: 1.08 [0.96–1.21] per additional vaccination against measles, mumps and rubella at age 0–24 months). TBE vaccinations within the first two years of life were nominally associated with a significantly increased autoimmunity risk (HR: 1.44 [1.06–1.96] per additional vaccination at age 0–24 months), but this could not be confirmed with respect to outcome T1D in the validation cohort (HR: 1.02 [0.90–1.16]).ConclusionsWe found no evidence that early vaccinations increase the risk of T1D-associated islet autoimmunity development. The potential association with early TBE vaccinations could not be confirmed in an independent cohort and appears to be a false positive finding.     

Hotspot Analysis of Traditional Drugs in Diabetes Treatment Literature

Objective:To summarize current hotspots and predict the potential trends in traditional drugs of diabetes treatment for further research.Methods:Publications on the application of traditional drugs in diabetes treatment were searched from PubMed without language limits.Highly frequent MeSH terms were identified through Bibliographic Item Co-Occurrence Matrix Builder(BICOMB).Biclustering analysis results were visualized utilizing the gCLUTO software.Finally,a strategic diagram was generated.Results:Totally 2,386 relevant publications were obtained from PubMed on November 9th,2018,and 69 highly frequent MeSH terms were identified.Biclustering analysis revealed that these highly frequent MeSH terms were classified into 7 clusters.After calculating the density and centrality of each cluster,strategy diagram was presented.Cluster 0"Chinese medicine monomers such as antioxidant and hypoglycemic effects"was considered as the most potential research hotspot.Conclusions:In this study,we found 7 topics related to the application of traditional drugs in diabetes treatment.The molecular mechanisms of Chinese medicine monomers in diabetes could become a potential hotspot with high centricity and low density.     

评价基础胰岛素、盐酸二甲双胍片联合治疗2型糖尿病效果

目的在2型糖尿病治疗中联合应用基础胰岛素+盐酸二甲双胍片,并分析其临床疗效。方法选取2018年10月—2020年9月在该院治疗的78例2型糖尿病患者,将其分为两组。对照组39例,采取基础胰岛素治疗;观察组39例,在此基础上,联合盐酸二甲双胍片治疗。结果观察组患者治疗3个月后FPG、2 hPG、HbA1c水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),且患者CRP、TNF-α、IL-6水平均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组患者头晕嗜睡、下肢水肿、恶心呕吐、低血糖、血压波动等不良反应发生率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论基础胰岛素+盐酸二甲双胍片治疗可提高血糖控制效果,降低炎症因子水平,且安全性良好。     

2型糖尿病与肺癌的相关性

研究表明2型糖尿病可能增加肺癌发生的风险，但其尚缺乏有力的相关机制研究。本文从2型糖尿病和肺癌间的流行病学特点、2型糖尿病患者的肺癌发病率升高、高血糖、胰岛素抵抗、高胰岛素血症、胰岛素样生长因子、血管内皮生长因子、炎症细胞因子、激素调节功能紊乱、免疫系统功能降低、微量元素及降糖药物等方面综述二者可能的相关性，但2型糖尿病加重肺癌的机制仍需要大量研究证明。     

Targeting tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells in the kidney is a potential therapeutic strategy to ameliorate podocyte injury and glomerulosclerosis

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An update on medication management of women with schizophrenia in pregnancy

Introduction: Women with schizophrenia and their babies are at high risk of adverse outcomes in pregnancy and childbirth. A better understanding of the specific risks conferred by the illness itself and by the treatment provided will help guide more effective care of these women.

Areas covered: Herein, the authors review genetic, demographic, socioeconomic, nutritional and lifestyle risks associated with schizophrenia in pregnancy. They also cover specific risks associated with typical antipsychotic medications, specific risks associated with atypical antipsychotic medications, risks associated with polypharmacy and risks of developmental delay in children exposed to antipsychotic medications in utero.

Expert opinion: Our understanding of the risks that women with schizophrenia face in pregnancy from their illness and from the treatment they receive continues to evolve. As our ability to analyze data progresses, the risks conferred by antipsychotic medication treatment appear to lessen in clinical and statistical significance, whilst the true risks to these women and their babies from their experience of disadvantage continue to set them aside from the general population. Reducing polypharmacy and providing comprehensive and supportive care can minimize harm to women with schizophrenia and their babies.