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61.
Miriam Schuler Sebastian Mohnke Till Amelung Klaus M Beier Martin Walter Jorge Ponseti Boris Schiffer Tillmann H C Kruger Henrik Walter 《Social cognitive and affective neuroscience》2022,17(8):712
Behavioral studies found evidence for superior cognitive empathy (CE) in pedophilic men without a history of child sexual offending (P − CSO) compared to pedophilic men with a history of child sexual offending (P + CSO). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies also point to differences between P − CSO and P + CSO. Neural processing associated with CE has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the neural correlates of CE in subjects with pedophilia with (P + CSO) and without (P − CSO) child sexual offending. 15 P + CSO, 15 P − CSO and 24 teleiophilic male controls (TC) performed a CE task during fMRI. We observed reduced activation in the left precuneus (Pcu) and increased activation in the left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in P − CSO compared to P + CSO. P − CSO also showed stronger connectivity between these regions, which might reflect a top-down modulation of the Pcu by the ACC toward an increased self-focused emotional reaction in social situations. There was also evidence for increased right superior temporal gyrus activation in P − CSO that might constitute a potentially compensatory recruitment due to the dampened Pcu activation. These findings provide first evidence for altered neural processing of CE in P − CSO and underline the importance of addressing CE in pedophilia and CSO in order to uncover processes relevant to effective prevention of child sexual abuse. 相似文献
62.
Katrin Schmelz Samuel Bowles 《Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America》2022,119(13)
COVID-19 vaccination rates slowed in many countries during the second half of 2021, along with the emergence of vocal opposition, particularly to mandated vaccinations. Who are those resisting vaccination? Under what conditions do they change their minds? Our three-wave representative panel survey from Germany allows us to estimate the dynamics of vaccine opposition, providing the following answers. Without mandates, it may be difficult to reach and to sustain the near-universal level of repeated vaccinations apparently required to contain the Delta, Omicron, and likely subsequent variants. But mandates substantially increase opposition to vaccination. We find that few were opposed to voluntary vaccination in all three waves of the survey. They are just 3.3% of our panel, a number that we demonstrate is unlikely to be the result of response error. In contrast, the fraction consistently opposed to enforced vaccinations is 16.5%. Under both policies, those consistently opposed and those switching from opposition to supporting vaccination are sociodemographically virtually indistinguishable from other Germans. Thus, the mechanisms accounting for the dynamics of vaccine attitudes may apply generally across societal groups. What differentiates them from others are their beliefs about vaccination effectiveness, their trust in public institutions, and whether they perceive enforced vaccination as a restriction on their freedom. We find that changing these beliefs is both possible and necessary to increase vaccine willingness, even in the case of mandates. An inference is that well-designed policies of persuasion and enforcement will be complementary, not alternatives.The challenge of the first half-year of most COVID-19 vaccination campaigns was the supply of vaccines, not demand for them. It then appeared that, once vaccines were widely available, vaccination rates would approach the two-thirds level initially thought to be sufficient to control the pandemic. But the Delta and then Omicron variants along with substantial and persistent reported opposition to vaccination have raised doubts about whether vaccine willingness will be sufficient. In response, by the end of 2021, vaccination mandates were being widely adopted by governments, businesses, and educational institutions, and universal mandates were being considered and implemented (1–8).The appropriate strategies for raising vaccination rates depend on the target rate, on how many are unlikely to be vaccinated willingly in a sufficiently timely manner, on the conditions under which opponents change their minds, and on the effect of the policies themselves on vaccination preferences. Our study sheds light on the behavioral side of this evaluation. 相似文献
63.
Ni Wayan Ariyani I Made Ady Wirawan Gede Ngurah Indraguna Pinatih Anak Agung Ngurah Jaya Kusuma 《Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives》2022,13(2):153
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of application-based antenatal education based on social cognitive theory (SCT) on Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile II (HPLP II) scores, compliance with iron tablet consumption, and readiness for childbirth and complications among pregnant women in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.Methods This randomized controlled trial included 71 pregnant women in the treatment group and 74 pregnant women in the control group. The treatment group application-based antenatal education based on SCT, while the control group attended a conventional pregnancy class. Iron tablet consumption was verified by counting the remaining iron tablets. Information on participants’ lifestyles was collected using the HPLP II questionnaire with the help of an assistant. The collected data were statistically analyzed using IBM SPSS ver. 24.0.Results The antenatal education intervention effectively increased the HPLP II score by 0.32 points (2.62±0.331 before the intervention and 2.94±0.273 after). Meanwhile, the control group had a 0.13-point increase (p=0.001), from 2.67±0.336 to 2.80±0.275. There was no significant difference in iron tablet consumption (p=0.333) or readiness for delivery and complications (p=0.557) between the treatment and control groups.Conclusion Application-based antenatal education with SCT effectively increased the HPLP II scores of pregnant women in Denpasar, Bali. Although there was no significant difference in iron tablet consumption or readiness for delivery and complications, the values increased to a greater extent in the treatment group than in the control group. This education model is more suited to urban pregnant women who employed and have good internet access. 相似文献
64.
Background Previous studies have shown that brain functional activity in the resting state is impaired in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients.However,alterations in intrinsic brain activity patterns in m... 相似文献
65.
目的:观察幼年大鼠反复吸入2.3%七氟烷对学习记忆能力的影响.方法:将健康雄性SD大鼠60只随机均分为6组,Con1组、Con3组、Con5组:每天同一时间吸氧1 h,流量0.5 L/min,分别吸1、3、5 d;Sev1组、Sev3组、Sev5组:每天同一时间吸入2.3%七氟烷和流量0.5 L/min氧气的混合气体1 h,分别吸1、3、5 d.末次给药7 d后,进行水迷宫实验,观察大鼠达标所需训练次数、逃避潜伏期及进入盲端的次数,行为学实验后测定乙酰胆碱酯酶活性.结果:与Con1、Con3、Con5组比较,Sev1、Sev3、Sev5组大鼠达标所需训练次数、逃避潜伏期、进入盲端次数以及乙酰胆碱酯酶活性差异均无统计学意义(P〉0.05).结论:持续5 d,每天吸入2.3%七氟烷1 h,末次给药7 d后对于幼年大鼠空间辨别学习记忆功能无明显影响. 相似文献
66.
目的 探讨丁苯酞对老年患者腹腔镜胆囊术后认知功能障碍和S100β的影响.方法 选取该院2012年12月至2014年12月行腹腔镜胆囊术的老年患者162例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,81例患者术前静脉输注75 mg丁苯酞氯化钠注射液为观察组,81例患者术前静脉输注等量生理盐水为对照组.比较两组患者脑氧代谢情况、认知功能状况、S100β.结果 术后,对照组颈静脉血氧饱和度(SjvO2)、桡动脉-颈内静脉球部血氧含量差(Da-jvO2)、脑氧摄取率(CEO2)、桡动脉-颈内静脉球部乳酸差(VADL)、S100β平稳波动;T0~T1时简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分、蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分显著降低,而后逐渐升高,T3时恢复至术前;T0~T1时美国国立卫生院神经功能缺损(NIHSS)评分、认知功能障碍发生率显著增加,而后逐渐降低,T3时恢复至术前.观察组VADL平稳波动;T0~T1时SjvO2、NIHSS评分、认知功能障碍发生率显著增加,而后逐渐降低,T3时恢复至术前;T0~T1时Da-jvO2、CEO2、MMSE评分、MoCA评分、S100β显著降低,而后逐渐升高,T3时恢复至术前;观察组SjvO2、MMSE评分、MoCA评分T1、T2时均明显高于对照组.观察组Da-jvO2、CEO2、NIHSS评分、认知功能障碍发生率、S100β T1、T2时均明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 丁苯酞可明显改善老年患者腹腔镜胆囊术后认知功能状况,降低S100β,与脑氧代谢有关. 相似文献
67.
背景 术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction,POCD)是一种常见的围术期并发症.γ-氨基丁酸A型(γ-aminobutyricacid type A,GABAA)受体作为一种中枢神经抑制性受体,可能对POCD的发生起着关键性作用.目的 综述以GABAA受体为靶点的相关药物对POCD的影响.内容 与GABAA受体相关的3类药物:激动剂、拮抗剂和反向激动剂,对POCD可分别产生诱发、逆转和改善症状的作用. 趋向 对记忆或者认知功能损害具有改善作用的GABAA受体相关药物,对POCD的治疗具有重大意义,将成为今后POCD的研究热点. 相似文献
68.
Kamran Sedig Paul Parsons Mark Dittmer Oluwakemi Ola 《Online Journal of Public Health Informatics》2012,4(3)
Public health professionals work with a variety of information sources to carry out their everyday activities. In recent years, interactive computational tools have become deeply embedded in such activities. Unlike the early days of computational tool use, the potential of tools nowadays is not limited to simply providing access to information; rather, they can act as powerful mediators of human-information discourse, enabling rich interaction with public health information. If public health informatics tools are designed and used properly, they can facilitate, enhance, and support the performance of complex cognitive activities that are essential to public health informatics, such as problem solving, forecasting, sense-making, and planning. However, the effective design and evaluation of public health informatics tools requires an understanding of the cognitive and perceptual issues pertaining to how humans work and think with information to perform such activities. This paper draws on research that has examined some of the relevant issues, including interaction design, complex cognition, and visual representations, to offer some human-centered design and evaluation considerations for public health informatics tools. 相似文献
69.
目的 探讨主观认知障碍(SCI)的危险因素及预防措施.方法 选取2016年3~9月在上海长征医院痴呆门诊就诊患者54例,进行简易智力状况检查量表和SCI调查问卷调查.然后采用单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析对数据进行处理以筛查影响因素.结果 经单因素和多因素条件Logistic回归分析,筛选出3个有意义的独立因素:年龄(OR=1.243,95%CI=1.072~1.442)、脑血管疾病史(OR=130.466,95%CI=1.688~3630.660)是SCI发生的独立危险因素;文化程度是独立保护因素(OR=0.016,95%CI=0.007~0.607).结论 年龄与脑血管疾病史是SCI发病的危险因素,在该病防治上需主要加强危险因素的防治.文化程度是发病保护因素,因此应该倡导和鼓励老年人多思考、勤用脑. 相似文献
70.