Tolerability of N-chlorotaurine plus ammonium chloride in the rabbit and human eye - a phase 1 clinical study

Background  N-chlorotaurine (NCT), an endogenous mild antiseptic, is well-tolerated by application to the human conjunctiva and has been shown to offer beneficial effects in infectious conjunctivitis. Animal tests revealed improved efficacy of a combination of NCT with ammonium chloride in adenoviral conjunctivitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the tolerability of NCT plus ammonium chloride in the healthy rabbit and human eye. Methods  First, a tolerability study was performed in rabbits. In a blinded and randomized fashion, one eye was treated with the test medication, the other one with 0.9% saline. Twenty-one animals (three per concentration) were treated with one drop every 2 hours for 6 days. Second, in two volunteers one drop of a defined concentration was applied to one eye every 15 min for 1 hour, saline to the control eye. Four different concentrations were tested on different days. Third, a double-blind, randomized phase 1 study in 13 healthy volunteers was performed. One drop of 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH₄Cl versus saline was applied every 15 min within the first hour, followed by four drops every 2 hours. This regimen was done daily for 5 days. Results  In rabbits, no side effects were seen with 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH₄Cl, while higher concentrations sometimes caused short-time and minimal conjunctival injection and secretion after dosing. By 1% NCT plus 1% NH₄Cl, these effects were moderate, but disappeared again without any detectable residues. In the pilot study with two volunteers, treatment with 0.5% NCT plus 0.1% NH₄Cl caused medium-scale eye burning for 30 seconds, while 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH₄Cl was very well-tolerated, with no or minimal burning for a few seconds. In the subsequent phase 1 study, 0.1% NCT plus 0.1% NH₄Cl was well-tolerated by all subjects except for minimal eye burning for a few seconds after dropping. No objective signs of eye changes could be detected in the human beings. Conclusion  The results of this study clearly demonstrate the good tolerability of a promising NCT formulation with improved activity.     

5家实验室含氯消毒剂含量及杀菌效果室间比对试验报告

目的：为了解含氯消毒剂在不同实验室间有效氯含量测试值及杀菌效果。方法：5家不同实验室按照相同的实验方法对有效氯含量及杀菌效果进行了室间比对。结果：5家实验室的有效氯含量测试结果平均值为47.1%,标准差为0.71,对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、白色念珠菌、铜绿假单胞菌、枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的杀菌效果,高剂量组杀灭对数值较接近,低剂量组则偏差较大。结论：不同实验室采用相同方法测试含氯消毒剂,有效氯含量结果较一致,杀菌效果偏差相对较大,应采取相应的措施进一步控制检测质量。     

食物中可利用醣的化学和生物测定法的比较

<正> 用减差法测出的某些食物中的醣含量,不一定全部可供利用,为了正确计算食物的热量,直接测定食物中可利用醣的含量是必要的。我们曾采用简单快速的蒽酮比色法测定了几种食物中可利用醣的含量,并用动物生长法比较了这些测出值的可靠性,结果证实了比色法测出的结果。     

Effects of prone and supine posture on cardiopulmonary function after experimental chlorine gas lung injury

BACKGROUND: Chlorine gas may induce severe acute lung injury. Improvement of pulmonary gas exchange in patients and animals with acute lung injury nursed in the prone position was observed in recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of prone and supine positions on pulmonary and cardiovascular functions following experimental chlorine gas lung injury. METHODS: Twenty anesthetized and mechanically ventilated pigs were exposed to chlorine gas (400 p.p.m. in air) for 20 min in the supine position, then assigned randomly to ventilation in the supine or prone positions (n=10 in each group). Hemodynamics, gas exchange, lung mechanics and oxygen transport were evaluated for 5 h. RESULTS: All animals showed severe pulmonary dysfunction immediately after chlorine gassing with a threefold increase in pulmonary vascular resistance index, a drop in arterial oxygenation (12.3+/-1.3 kPa to 5.4+/-0.7 kPa) and a fall in lung-thorax compliance (22+/-1 ml cmH2O-1 to 8+/-2 ml cmH2O-1). Venous admixture (Qs/Qt) improved in animals in the prone position while there was no change in the supine position (prone 32+/-11% vs. supine 42+/-9% at 5 h,P<0.05). Lung-thorax compliance improved significantly with time in the prone group only (P<0.01). Oxygen delivery increased significantly in prone animals compared with animals nursed in the supine posture (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Immediate prone positioning after chlorine gas injury not only inhibited deterioration of gas exchange but was also associated with improved pulmonary function and oxygen transport.     

中药川芎中有效成分的药理作用研究进展

川芎是一种广泛应用于临床治疗的常用中药。现代研究表明川芎的有效成分川芎嗪和阿魏酸等具有清除氧自由基、钙拮抗、扩血管、抗血小板聚集和血栓形成等多种作用,从而逐渐揭示出其对多系统、多器官、多种病证的治疗机制。该文针对近年来川芎中有效成分的药理作用研究进展作一综述。     

瓜蒌中有机氯农药残留量测定研究

目的：测定瓜蒌中有机氯农药残留。方法：利用气相色谱法同时测定瓜蒌中9种有机氯农药的残留量。结果：方法回收率为78．0％－102．0％，RSD＜10．0％，所测10个样品中总BHC及总DDT含量＜0．05μg/g。结论：测定结果可见本法符合农药残留分析要求，但应制定相应限量标准。     

中西医结合治疗多囊卵巢综合征不孕30例临床观察

目的观察中西医结合治疗多囊卵巢综合征（PCOS）不孕的疗效。方法采用中药联合复方CPA/CC治疗PCOS所致不孕（肾阳亏虚证）30例，并与单用复方CPA/CC30例加以对照。结果试验组在改善肾阳亏虚、降低体重、体重指数、睾酮（T）、LH／FSH水平以及促进排卵和妊娠等方面优于对照组。结论中西医结合治疗PCOS不孕效果良好。     

Bladder and bowel control in hirschsprung's disease

We present here the development of bladder and bowel control in a three year old child following surgery for Hirschsprung's disease. Standard bladder control training procedures were used, resulting in improved control of both responses. The usefulness of these procedures is compared with direct anal sphincter control training (Kohlenberg, 1973) and the functional relationship between bladder and bowel control are discussed.     

Inhaled and intravenous corticosteroids both attenuate chlorine gas-induced lung injury in pigs

BACKGROUND: The accidental release of chlorine gas is a constant threat in urban areas. The purpose of this randomized, blinded, controlled experiment was to examine the effects of post-injury administration of inhaled or intravenous corticosteroid in chlorine gas-injured pigs followed for 23 h. METHODS: Anaesthetized, ventilated pigs (n = 24) in the prone position were exposed to chlorine gas (400 parts per million in air) (1160 mg/m3) for 15 min, then randomly allocated to receive inhaled budesonide (BUD) and intravenous placebo, intravenous betamethasone (BETA) and inhaled placebo or inhaled and intravenous placebo. Haemodynamics, gas exchange and lung mechanics were evaluated for 23 h after exposure to chlorine gas. RESULTS: Airway and pulmonary artery pressures increased and arterial oxygenation fell sharply (from 13.5 +/- 0.8 to 6.7 +/- 0.9 kPa, P < 0.001) after chlorine gas exposure. These immediate changes were followed by a gradual improvement over 5-7 h to a stable level of dysfunction for the rest of the experiment in placebo animals. Arterial oxygen tension, pulmonary vascular resistance and airway pressure recovered faster and more completely in the budesonide and betamethasone groups than in the placebo group (P < 0.01). Lung wet weight to dry weight ratios were greater in the placebo group than in the budesonide and betamethasone groups (6.34 +/- 0.59 vs. 5.56 +/- 0.38 and 5.53 +/- 0.54, respectively, P < 0.05). There was a trend towards lower histological injury scores compared with placebo in animals that received budesonide (P = 0.05) or betamethasone (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: Treatment of chlorine gas lung injury with nebulized budesonide or intravenous betamethasone had similar positive effects on recovery of lung function.     

Influence of tissue fixation on the microextraction and identification of amyloid proteins

In surgical pathology, correct immunohistochemical identification of AL amyloidosis poses a particular problem. Immunostaining for lambda- or kappa-light chains is commonly encountered even in non-immunoglobulin-derived amyloidoses, which leads to a false-positive classification as AL amyloidosis. In this respect, microextraction of amyloid proteins from surgical pathology specimens and their subsequent biochemical characterization may prove useful in reaching the correct diagnosis. In this study, we investigated systematically the influence of fixation on the extraction of amyloid proteins from amyloid-containing tissue samples. Tissue samples were obtained from a patient with generalized AA amyloidosis and from a second patient with generalized AL amyloidosis. The samples were stored either unfixed or fixed in phosphate buffered 4% p-formaldehyde, methacarn, or Bouin for 3 days, 1 week, or 1 month. Thereafter, proteins were extracted according to the procedure of Layfield et al, separated by SDS-PAGE and subjected to Western blotting, using antibodies directed against AA amyloid and immunoglobulin-derived lambda-light chain. Following this procedure, a variety of differently sized AA amyloid or lambda-light chain immunoreactive protein bands were found in both patients, which is typical for amyloid proteins. Fixation time did not per se prohibit the extraction of these amyloid proteins from tissue samples, which remained detectable irrespective of fixation time. Although all three fixatives impaired the resolution of some, but not all, individual amyloid proteins, this procedure may help to confirm or reject a diagnosis of AL amyloidosis, because detection of several lambda- or kappa-light chain immunoreactive protein bands in the low-molecular-weight range (<20 kDa) is a common characteristic of their amyloid nature.