急性低氧运动对血液流变性和红细胞形态的影响及电解质饮料的干预效果

目的:探讨急性低氧运动对血液流变性和红细胞形态的影响以及补充电解质饮料的干预效果。方法:受试者为8名健康成年男性,均进行两次实验。第1次为急性低氧运动加补充电解质饮料(运动前和运动中)实验,第2次为急性低氧运动不补充任何液体实验,两次实验间隔1周。受试者以70%最大摄氧量(VO2max)强度在低氧环境(O2浓度为15.5%,环境温度为20℃,湿度为55%)下进行1小时的功率自行车运动。分别测定受试者运动前、后的血液流变学指标并观察其红细胞形态的变化。结果:不补液情况下,受试者运动后的血液粘度、红细胞压积及红细胞刚性指数显著增加(P<0.01)。红细胞形态由双凹圆盘形变为一面凸、一面凹的草帽形。运动前和运动中补充电解质饮料,受试者运动后的各项血液流变学指标与运动前相比变化均不显著(P>0.05),且运动后红细胞形态未见明显变化。结论:运动前和运动中补充电解质饮料可缓解急性低氧运动对机体血液流变性产生的不良影响。     

舰艇部队军事训练伤分布特点与干预效果研究

目的：查明海军舰艇部队特殊军事训练伤的发生率和分布特征，以及施加干预措施后军事训练伤发生率的变化。方法：以整群抽样方式选取海军某舰艇部队官兵1648人，对全年军事训练伤进行前瞻性流行病学调查；以每个参试支队各抽2艘舰艇为干预试验单位，设同期对照组和历史对照组。结果：全年军事训练伤累积发生率为14．62％，时间分布以7月份为高峰；46．53％的伤者为机电部门人员；损伤部位以下肢为主，占32．64％；受伤类型以急性创伤性损伤为主；干预试验的军事训练伤发生率为8．96％，低于同期对照组(12．21％，P＜0、05)和历史对照组(14．62％，P＜0．01)。结论：舰艇部队军事训练伤发生情况与其它军兵种有较大的区别。施加干预措施可显著降低舰艇部队的军事训练伤。     

21 d-6°头低位卧床期间运动训练对动态姿态平衡的影响

目的探讨21 d-6°头低位卧床和卧床运动训练对动态姿态平衡和控制功能的影响. 方法 10名健康男性青年被试者分为卧床对照组和卧床训练组,每组5人,卧床期间训练组每天进行2次、每次30 min逐级增加负荷的头低位功率自行车训练;分别于卧床前和卧床后21 d进行了动态姿态平衡和双膝等速肌力的测试. 结果与卧床前相比,对照组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显降低,双膝相对峰力矩明显降低,同时伴有腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值的明显增加;训练组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显高于对照组,而腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值无明显改变. 结论 21 d-6°头低位卧床运动训练能够明显改善卧床后动态姿态平衡及其动态运动适应功能.     

The development and evaluation of Student Training, Education and Practice for Dietetics CD-ROM: a computer-assisted instruction programme for dietetic students

The Student Training, Education and Practice for Dietetics (STEP‐DIET) CD‐ROM was developed at the University of Surrey to prepare dietetic students for the practical dietetic training component of their Nutrition/Dietetics degree. This study aimed to evaluate student response to the programme and its effectiveness as a teaching tool, based on the evaluation framework of D.L. Kirkpatrick (Evaluating a Course, 2nd edn. London, Kogan Page). Quantitative and qualitative methodologies were employed, with 41 dietetic students, separated by year group, completing questionnaires and taking part in six focus groups, at the University of Surrey. Student attitudes towards the instruction method and the STEP‐DIET programme itself were investigated, in conjunction with their perceived learning achievements. Students rated the programme highly in terms of design and content, however, there was a reluctance to accept computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) as a sole teaching method. A number of learning achievements relevant to dietetic practice were reported including a perceived increase in ability to conduct a dietetic interview and an increased understanding of the management of Type 2 diabetes. In general students reacted positively to the STEP‐DIET programme and it was perceived by students to be effective in preparing them for the practical component of their dietetic training.     

间歇性低氧训练对男子赛艇运动员大负荷训练期间生理机能的影响

目的:探讨在大负荷训练期间进行间歇性低氧训练对男子赛艇运动员生理机能的影响。方法:12名男子赛艇运动员分成低氧组和对照组,低氧组在赛前大负荷训练期间进行为期4周、每周5天、每天1小时的间歇性低氧训练,其余日常训练两组相同。实验期间每周测试运动员的睡眠质量、耐缺氧能力以及血红蛋白、血尿素、肌酸激酶等指标。结果:4周间歇性低氧训练后,低氧组运动员血红蛋白含量显著高于对照组,血尿素水平和肌酸激酶活性显著低于对照组;低氧组在耐缺氧实验中血氧饱和度显著高于对照组,心率显著低于对照组;低氧组睡眠质量指标得分显著低于对照组。结论:间歇性低氧训练可以提高男子赛艇运动员大负荷训练期间的耐缺氧能力,改善睡眠质量,间接促进机体在承受大负荷训练负荷时的恢复能力。     

不同强度运动后大鼠心肌细胞热休克蛋白72mRNA的表达

目的 :探讨不同运动强度和持续时间运动对大鼠心肌细胞热休克蛋白 72mRNA表达的影响。方法 :分别使SD大鼠进行低强度 (6 0 %VO2 max)、中等强度 (75 %VO2 max)和高强度 (85 %VO2 max)跑台运动 1天、2天和 3天 ,在末次运动结束后 2 4小时以RT -PCR法检测大鼠心肌细胞热休克蛋白 72mRNA的表达。结果 :在安静情况下大鼠心肌细胞存在HSP72mRNA的基础结构性表达 ;低强度运动 1天后心肌细胞HSP72mRNA表达与对照组相比无显著性差异 ,但随着运动时间的延长 ,HSP72mRNA表达逐渐增加 ;中等强度运动后心肌细胞HSP72mRNA表达随运动持续时间的延长显著增加 ,但运动 2天和 3天组表达量无显著性差异 ;大强度运动后心肌细胞HSP72mRNA表达随运动持续时间的延长显著增加。结论 :运动可以造成心肌细胞HSP72mRNA的表达增加 ,不同强度运动诱导心肌细胞HSP 72mRNA表达程度不同 ,且与运动持续时间存在内在关系。     

红景天等药物对提高运动员耐力的研究

为探讨中草药恢复运动疲劳和提高运动员耐力的可能性，观察了红景天、万寿灵、鹿尾精和红景天复方对提高耐力项目运动员体能的影响。被试者为耐力项目男女运动员３０名，随机分成４组，分别服用红景天、万寿灵、鹿尾精和红景天复方，服药７５ｄ。服药前后运动员跑台做功至最大负荷量时，即刻采取静脉血、测血色素、肌酸磷酸激酶、总蛋白，结果表明：红景天和万寿灵确有适应原样性作用，能恢复运动疲劳和提高运动成绩。     

Changes in muscle morphology in dialysis patients after 6 months of aerobic exercise training.

BACKGROUND: In the present study we investigated the effect of a 6-month aerobic exercise programme on the morphology of the gastrocnemius muscle of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. METHODS: Twenty-four ESRD patients volunteered to participate in the training programme and underwent muscle biopsy before training. Eighteen patients completed the training programme of whom nine agreed to a post-training biopsy (one woman and eight men, mean age 56 +/- 15 years). Data are presented for the nine subjects who were biopsied before (PRE) and after training (POST) and separately for the 15 subjects for whom we only have a biopsy before training (cross-sectional group). RESULTS: There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in fibre type distribution or myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression between the cross-sectional and PRE/POST groups. The mean cross-section fibre area after training (POST) increased by 46% compared with the PRE training status (P < 0.01). The proportion of atrophic fibres decreased significantly after training in type I, IIa and IIx fibre populations (from 51 to 15%, 58 to 21% and 62 to 32%, respectively). Significant differences were also found in capillary contact per fibre (CC/F), with the muscle having 24% (P < 0.05) more CC/F compared with the PRE training status. No significant differences in cytochrome c oxidase concentration were found between the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, exercise appeared to be beneficial in renal rehabilitation by correcting the fibre atrophy, increasing the cross-section fibre area and improving the capillarization in the skeletal muscle of renal failure patients.     

Allergic contact dermatitis from grasses

This study attempts to demonstrate the existence of allergic contact dermatitis from grass, and to develop a patch test series to screen patients with grass intolerance. 6 common grass species from lawns and military training areas were collected. Solvent extracts of polar. non-polar and volatile fractions were prepared and used for patch testing in 20 control subjects and 46 patients with a history of grass intolerance. The 20 control had negative responses to patch testing. 5 out of 46 patients had positive patch tests to Axonopus compressus (carpet grass). Ischaenmum muticum (sea-shore centipede grass). Imperata evlindrica (lalang). Panicum maximum (Guinea grass) and Pennisetum purpureum (elephant grass). Reactions to the non-polar fraction for all 5 species were noted. This study demonstrates the existence of allergic contact dermatitis from various common species of grass. In our series, this is seen in 11% of those with a history of grass intolerance.     

High proportion of type I fibres in thigh muscle of young dancers

A previous study showed that adult female dancers have a high percentage of type I fibres in vastus lateralis. similar to that of endurance-trained female runners ar female cross-country skiers. It is not known if dancers already at an early age are characterized by a high percentage of type I fibres or develop a high percentage of type I fibres as a consequence of dance training. Furthermore. the muscle fibre composition of male dancers has not previously been studied. Therefore the aim of the study was to analyse skeletal muscle fibre characteristics in 10-year-old and 20-year-old dancers of both sexes. Age-matched boys and girls whose physical activity was average for their age groups served as controls. Muscle biopsies for histochemical analysis were obtained from vastus lateralis using the percutaneous needle technique. The major finding of the present study was that the vastus lateralis of young dancers of both sexes had a higher percentage of type I fibres than that of controls. Moreover. the higher type I percentage was seen not only in 20 year aids. but also in 10 year aids. who had begun their dance training at a professional level only a few weeks earlier. No significant difference in this respect was found between female and male dancers. In conclusion. the muscle fibre type composition in young dancers of both sexes differs from that of the average individual of the same age and is characterized by a high percentage of type I fibres.