Measurement of the urinary metabolites of n-hexane,cyclohexane and their isomers by gas chromatography

Summary A gas chromatographic method for analyzing the urinary metabolites of n-hexane (2-hexanol, 2,5-hexanedione, 2,5-dimethylfuran and -valerolactone), of 2-methylpentane (2-methyl-2-pentanol), of 3-methylpentane (3-methyl-2-pentanol), and of cyclohexane (cyclohexanol) was developed. Processing of urine and the gas chromatographic conditions are described. The recovery rate of all hexane metabolites, except 2,5-dimethylfuran, ranged between 92 and 100%. The variation coefficient of metabolites determination was between 1.5 and 5%, apart from 2,5-dimethylfuran determination for which the variation coefficient was 15%. The detection limits ranged between 0.2 and 0.7 mg/1 and between 0.05 and 0.1 mg/1 when a packed or capillary column was used. Results obtained from a packed and capillary column are discussed.     

Urine test strips: reliability of semi-quantitative findings under tropical conditions

Semi-quantitative urinalysis with urine reagent strips (URS) for erythrocyturia (EU), leucocyturia (LU) and proteinuria (PU) was performed in Congolese and Sudanese school children withSchistosoma haematobium and/orS.mansoni infection. Quantitative urinalysis was performed on the same specimen using microscopy and a Neubauer counting chamber for EU and LU and the Coomassie blue dye-binding assay for PU. Microscopically detectable EU of more than 10 cells/l was found in 63% of all samples and LU of more than 20 cells/l was found in 60% of all samples. With the Coomassie blue method, PU of more than 150 mg/l was detected in 51% of all samples. URS gave positive results of grade 1–3 for EU in 69% of all samples, for LU in 63% of all samples and for PU in 66% of all samples. The sensitivity and specificity of URS compared with standard reference methods were as follows: EU 95% and 75%, LU 81% and 81% and PU 90% and 56%. When the results of all three test were combined, URS differentiated abnormal from normal urine specimens with a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 70%. Median quantitative results showed a good correlation with semiquantitative URS readings for all parameters, but there was a wide range of URS scores.We concluded that URS sensitively detect urinary abnormalities and thus may be used as a general screening method under field conditions when more specific methods cannot be performed. In the hospital laboratory,urine microscopy with a counting chamber would be preferred to URS as a sole method for EU and LU detection; URS is useful for the detection of PU in the tropical hospital laboratory where an appropriate quantitative method with a better specificity may not be available.     

Prediction of survival and recurrence in bladder carcinoma

Summary We have followed a large population of patients receiving radiation treatment for bladder carcinoma with respect to survival and recurrence-free survival. Bivariate and multivariate life table analyses have been performed using a set of independent variables. The most important were T class, grade (G), urinary carcinoembryonic antigen (U-CEA) taken before treatment and cytological analysis 4 months after treatment. We compared the usual way of classifying a patient (T+G) with the combination of U-CEA and cytology since the latter two variables seemed to have great prognostic importance. The analyses show that T+G gives the best significance for survival (P=0.0003) while U-CEA and cytology is better for recurrence-free survival (=0.0002). 0.0002).     

Occupational chronic exposure to organic solvents

Summary A group of printing workers (n = 34) exposed to toluene was examined according to the concentrations of hippuric acid, phenol, o-cresol, and (m+p)-cresol in urine. The average concentration in the air of the workroom was 23 ppm. It is shown that, besides hippuric acid, small amounts of o-cresol. which is not a normal constituent of urine, were formed from toluene. The occurrence of o-cresol could be proved by mass spectrometry. On account of the small amounts of benzene present in industrially used toluene—in this case 0.025%—the average concentration of phenol in urine of the exposed group was significantly higher statistically than in urine from the controls .     

Action of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin during the initial phase of glycerol-induced acute renal failure of the rat

Summary The effects of the competitive angiotensin II antagonist saralasin (1-sarcosine-8-alanine-5-isoleucine-angiotensin II) on renal function in healthy rats and in rats with myohemoglobinuric acute renal failure were studied. Acute renal failure was induced by an intramuscular injection of 50% glycerol (10 ml ·kg^–1). Functional impairment of the glycerol treated animals consisted in a decrease of renal blood flow (electromagnetic flowmeter) and GFR and in an increase of urine volume and arterial blood pressure.In healthy rats saralasin (6 g·kg^–1·min^–1 i.v.) had no renal effects by itself but antagonized the angiotensin II (200 ng·kg^–1·min i.v.) induced fall of renal blood flow and GFR and the increase of arterial blood pressure. Given to glycerol treated animals saralasin did not induce any change of arterial blood pressure, renal blood flow, GFR or the urinary excretion of fluid and sodium.Supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft     

骨立拮抗维甲酸所致大鼠骨质疏松的实验研究

目的　观察骨立对维甲酸所致骨质疏松大鼠的股骨骨密度、骨矿含量的影响。方法　采用ig维甲酸造成大鼠骨质疏松模型 ,使用骨立高、中、低 3种剂量分别进行治疗 ,观察其结果并与空白对照组和阳性对照药物组进行比较。结果　骨立 3个剂量治疗的骨质疏松大鼠的股骨骨密度和骨钙、骨磷含量均明显高于骨质疏松模型组大鼠 (P <0 .0 1或 0 .0 5 ) ,骨立高、中剂量组大鼠的尿钙排泄量明显低于骨质疏松模型组大鼠 (P <0 .0 1) ,其中以高剂量组疗效最佳。结论　骨立可明显提高骨质疏松大鼠的骨密度并升高其骨钙、骨磷的含量 ,降低尿钙排泄量 ,从而拮抗维甲酸所致的大鼠骨质疏松症。     

Crede法排尿与持续导尿对尿路感染和尿道功能影响的研究

目的研究Crede法排尿(间歇人工辅助排尿)与持续导尿对继发尿路感染和远期尿道功能的影响.方法76例神经源性膀胱功能障碍者分别采用Crede法排尿和留置导尿,定期尿液培养进行尿路感染率比较;导尿时间达4～6个月后配合膀胱尿路造影(VCUG)及尿流动力学检查观测尿液返流情况、膀胱颈形态变化和尿道功能指标.结果Crede法排尿组和持续导尿组其尿路感染、尿液返流率分别为16.6%、17.9%和35.1%、40.5%,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05);VCUG及尿流动力学检查提示持续导尿较C rede法排尿明显损害膀胱颈形态和远期尿道功能.结论对丧失自主排尿功能但无严重意识障碍者宜尽可能减少留置导尿的应用范围和时间,采用Crede法排尿对控制尿路感染、维护和促进排尿功能恢复具有重要意义.     

新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征肺表面活性物质治疗后肺氧合功能和尿量变化的观察

目的　探讨新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征 (RDS)予肺表面活性物质 (PS)治疗后的尿量变化及尿量与肺氧合功能的关系。方法　对新生儿重症监护病房 (NICU)行呼吸机治疗的 2 0例RDS患儿予血气监测及每小时尿量和入量监测。结果　观察组 (PS组 )最大尿量峰值出现于生后 6 0h ,与对照组比较有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5 )。尿量 /入量比值PS组于生后 48h即大于 0 8,而对照组的上述比值大于 0 8出现于生后 6 0h。尿量与动脉 /肺泡氧分压比值 (PaO2 /PAO2 )有显著相关性 (r =0 7414,P <0 0 5 )。结论　RDS病程中随着尿量增加肺氧合功能改善 ,予PS治疗后利尿期最大尿量峰值增大 ,出现时间早 ,提示在PS治疗后更应该密切观察尿量变化 ,判断病情的恢复。     

260例中药不良反应文献分析

目的 :对中药引起的不良反应进行统计分析 ,为临床使用中药提供参考。方法 :对 1 998～2 0 0 2年间国内主要医药期刊报道的中药不良反应2 60例进行数据收集分析。结果 :中药引起的不良反应涉及的品种较广 ,ADR发生率以注射剂最多(占 60 .4% ) ,过敏反应最为常见 (占 5 2 .7% )。结论 :加强中药ADR的宣传 ,合理使用中药 ,尽量避免或减少ADR的发生。     

蚌埠市儿童碘营养状况八年监测报告

目的　了解我市近年来 8～ 10岁儿童碘营养状况 ,为合理补碘 ,消除碘缺乏病提供决策依据。方法　根据 1995年～ 2 0 0 2年 8～ 10岁儿童甲状腺肿大 (甲肿 )率和尿碘含量的监测结果进行统计分析。结果　实施全民普食碘盐后 ,儿童碘营养水平明显提高 ,甲肿率由 11.3%降为 3.75 % ,尿碘中位数由 111.4 4 μg/L 升至 2 72 .6 0～ 35 8.75 μg/L。结论　碘摄入量可以满足机体需要 ,但仍需坚持服用碘盐 ,不需要采用其他补碘措施