不同剂量右美托咪定抑制FESS术后拔管期不良反应的效果观察

目的:研究右美托咪定抑制功能性鼻内镜窦手术(FESS)术后拔管期不良反应的有效性和剂量。方法:将择期行FESS患者80例,随机分为A、B、C、D组,每组20例,所有患者均采用丙泊酚与瑞芬太尼靶控输注气管插管全麻,B、C、D组患者手术结束前15 min分别静脉输注右美托咪定0.3、0.6、0.9μg/kg,A组静脉输注等剂量生理盐水。记录手术时间、拔管时间、麻醉前(T0)、拔管即刻(T1)、拔管后5 min(T2)、10 min(T3)的平均动脉压(MAP)和心率(HR),观察拔管期呛咳反应、视觉模拟评分(VAS)、Ramsay镇静评分、躁动评分及喉痉挛、低氧血症的发生率。结果:D组患者拔管时间长于其他组(P<0.05);A组患者T1^T3时点MAP、HR高于T0时点(P<0.05);B、C、D组患者T2、T3时点MAP、HR低于A组(P<0.05);C、D组患者T1时点MAP、HR低于A、B组(P<0.05);C、D组患者呛咳反应和VAS优于A、B组(P<0.05);D组患者Ramsay镇静评分高于其他组(P<0.05);A组患者躁动评分高于其他组(P<0.05)。结论:0.6μg/kg右美托咪定用于FESS术后拔管,可减轻拔管期的呛咳反应和躁动,提高镇痛质量,保持血流动力学平稳,而不增加麻醉深度。     

胃肠道非计划性再次手术的原因及防治措施

目的 探讨胃肠道非计划性再次手术的原因及其防治措施。方法 回顾性分析2012年6月至2013年6月期间笔者所在医院胃肠外科因不同原因施行非计划性再次手术的21例患者的临床资料。结果 2 492例胃肠道手术患者中,行非计划性再次手术21例,再次手术率为0.8%。导致再次手术的原因为腹腔内出血10例,胃肠道瘘7例,炎性肠梗阻伴腹膜炎1例,切口裂开3例。施行缝扎止血术、结肠造瘘术、吻合口漏修补术、清创缝合术等处理后,20例治愈或好转,1例死亡。本组患者住院时间的中位数为25 d （16～49 d）,住院费用的中位数为76 000元（46 000～116 000元）。结论 胃肠道非计划性再次手术可对患者造成较严重的经济和精神负担,规范手术操作和加强围手术期监测可以降低非计划性再次手术的发生率,且合理掌握再次手术指征、实施及时有效的再次手术可避免疾病的进一步恶化。     

The efficacy of noninvasive ventilation in managing postextubation respiratory failure: A meta-analysis

Introduction

To determine the effectiveness of noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in the management of postextubation respiratory failure.

Methods

Databases including PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched to find relevant trials. Randomized and quasi-randomized trials studying NIV in adult patients with postextubation respiratory failure were included. Effects on primary outcomes (i.e., reintubation rate, and ICU or/and hospital mortality) were accessed in this meta-analysis.

Results

Ten trials involving 1382 patients were included: two used NIV in patients with established postextubation respiratory failure, and eight used NIV immediately after extubation. The use of NIV following extubation for patients (n = 302) with established respiratory failure did not decrease the reintubation rate (relative risk [RR] 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.83-1.25) and ICU mortality (RR 1.14, 95% CI 0.43-3.00), compared to standard medical therapy (SMT). Early application of NIV after extubation (n = 1080) also did not decrease the reintubation rate (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.45-1.15) significantly. However, in the planned extubation subgroup (n = 849), there were significant reductions in the reintubation rate (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.93), ICU mortality rate (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21-0.82), and hospital mortality rate (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.38-0.93) compared to SMT.

Conclusion

Current evidence suggests that the use of NIV in patients with established postextubation respiratory failure should be monitored cautiously. Early use of NIV can benefit patients with planned extubation by decreasing the reintubation rate and the ICU and hospital mortality rates.     

眼科全麻手术中地佐辛超前镇痛的临床分析

目的：观察地佐辛在眼科全麻手术中超前镇痛的临床应用价值。方法选择全麻下行眼科手术患者122例,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,年龄0~11岁。,随机分成两组,地佐辛组(D组,64例)手术开始前静注地佐辛0.1mg/kg;对照组(C组,58例)手术开始前静注等容积生理盐水。记录手术开始前(T0)、给药后5min(T1)、30min(T2)、拔管即刻(T3)、拔管后5min(T4)和拔管后30min(T5)各时间点的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、心率(HR)。按照RSS躁动评级、Ramsay镇静评分及VAS评分记录患者苏醒期间疼痛、躁动发生及不良反应情况。结果两组患儿围手术期血流动力学变化及术后并发症无明显差异,地佐辛组患儿苏醒期躁动、镇静评分、疼痛评分优于对照组(P<0.05)。结论手术开始前静注地佐辛0.1mg/kg,能有效治疗儿童眼病患者苏醒期疼痛和躁动,能很好地抑制拔管期间的应激反应,而且未见有明显不良反应。     

联合敷料在防止胸腹腔穿刺拔管后渗液的应用

<正>胸腹水病人使用胸腔、腹腔穿刺置管引流时,部分病人因穿刺置管后窦道形成,使胸穿、腹穿拔管后有渗液现象,常规使用无菌纱布敷料会因渗液而潮湿,经常需要更换,不仅增加了感染机会,也加重了病人恐惧感。笔者通过临床实践,对敷料的使用方法进行了改进,效果较好,现介绍如下。     

盐酸地尔硫卓抑制高血压患者拔管反应的观察

【目的】观察高血压患者在全麻术后拔管期间应用盐酸地尔硫卓(合贝爽)对拔管时的心血管反应作用。【方法】选择60例患者,随机分为2组,治疗组在具拔管指征时静脉注射盐酸地尔硫卓(合贝爽)0.15~0.25 mg/kg。对照组注入等量生理盐水,观察其心率(HR)、收缩压(SBP)、平均动脉压(MBP)和血氧饱和度(SpO2)变化。【结果】治疗组用药后1 min HR比对照组明显降低(P<0.05);SBP、MBP与对照组比较均明显下降(P<0.01);拔管时的SBP、MBP与对照组比较均有显著差异(P<0.01);SpO2用药后两组间无显著差异。【结论】盐酸地尔硫卓(合贝爽)能减轻高血压患者拔管期间的心血管反应,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Elective use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure following extubation of preterm infants

The aim of this study was to determine whether elective use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure (CPAP) following extubation of preterm infants was well tolerated and improved short- and long-term outcomes. A randomized comparison of nasal CPAP to headbox oxygen was undertaken and a meta-analysis performed including similar randomized trials involving premature infants less than 28 days of age. A total of 150 infants (median gestational age 30 weeks, range 24–34 weeks) were randomized in two centres. Fifteen nasal CPAP infants and 25 headbox infants required increased respiratory support post-extubation and 15 nasal CPAP infants and nine headbox infants required re-intubation (non significant). Eight infants became intolerant of CPAP and were changed to headbox oxygen within 48 h of extubation; 19 headbox infants developed apnoeas and respiratory acidosis requiring rescue nasal CPAP, 3 ultimately were re-intubated. Seven other trials were identified, giving a total number of 569 infants. Overall, nasal CPAP significantly reduced the need for increased respiratory support (relative risk, 0.57, 95% CI 0.43–0.73), but not for re-intubation (relative risk 0.89, 95% CI 0.68–1.17). Nasal CPAP neither influenced significantly the intraventricular haemorrhage rate reported in four studies (relative risk 1.0, 95% CI 0.55, 1.82) nor that of oxygen dependency at 28 days reported in six studies (relative risk 1.0, 95% CI 0.8, 1.25). In two studies nasal CPAP had to be discontinued in 10% of infants either because of intolerance or hyperoxia. Conclusion Elective use of nasal continuous positive airways pressure post-extubation is not universally tolerated, but does reduce the need for additional support. Received: 12 August 1999 / Accepted: 15 December 1999     

Airway occlusion pressure at 0.1 s (P0.1) after extubation: an early indicator of postextubation hypercapnic respiratory insufficiency

Objective: To examine variables associated with postextubation respiratory distress in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Design: Prospective, clinical investigation. Setting: Intensive care unit of a university hospital. Patients: Forty COPD patients, considered ready for extubation. Measurements and main results: We recorded, from the digital display of a standard ventilator, breathing frequency (f), tidal volume (VT) and f/VT for the respiratory pattern, airway occlusion pressure at 0.1 s (P0.1) for the respiratory drive and measured blood gases : i) before extubation, following 30 min of a 6 cm H₂O pressure support (PS) ventilation trial, ii) 1 h after extubation, at the 30th min of a face mask 4 cm H₂O PS ventilation trial. According to the weaning outcome, the patients were divided into two groups : respiratory distress, and non-respiratory distress within 72 h of the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. The respiratory distress was defined as the combination of f more than 25 breaths/min, an increase in PaCO₂ of at least 20 % compared with the value measured after extubation, and pH lower than 7.35. We determined whether those patients who developed respiratory distress after extubation differed from those who did not. Respiratory pattern data and arterial blood gases recorded, either before or after extubation, and P0.1 recorded before extubation, were inadequate to differentiate the two groups. Only P0.1 recorded 1 h after the discontinuation of mechanical ventilation differentiated the patients who developed respiratory distress from those who did not (4.2 ± 0.9 vs 1.8 ± 0.8, p < 0.01). Conclusions: P0.1 recorded after extubation may be a good indicator of postextubation respiratory distress. Measuring P0.1 and/or the analysis of the evolution of this parameter could facilitate decisions during the period following extubation. Received: 23 March 1998 Accepted: 5 October 1998     

气管内插管非计划拔管的护理因素和预后分析

目的探讨非计划拔管成功与失败的相关护理因素及其与预后的相关性 ,寻求改善预后的措施。方法回顾分析近 5年我们医院ICU中机械通气病人发生非计划拔管的护理临床资料。结果 1 6 5 6例机械通气病人中发生非计划拔管 1 1 6例 (7% ) ,病人自行拔管 90例 (77.5 % ) ,意外脱管 2 6例 (2 2 .4 % ) ,其中 6 2例发生在撤机过程中 ,5 4例发生在完全机械通气状况下。非计划拔管组与对照组在年龄、性别、插管途经、原发病情况、APACHEⅡ评分 ,急性呼衰原因和并发脏器衰竭等无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 )。非计划拔管失败组与成功组和对照组比较 ,机械通气时间、住ICU时间和住院时间明显延长 ,死亡率无显著差异。结论机械通气病人发生非计划拔管可延长机械通气时间、住ICU时间和住院的时间 ,但不增加死亡率。拔管成功与否取决于拔管当时病人的通气状况。而护理人员对机械通气的病人更需要持续严密监护 ,并帮助病人提高对撤机拔管的认识