二次交通事故成伤致死的法医学鉴定3例

目的:探讨二次交通事故成伤致死亡案件的法医学鉴定思路。方法:收集3例二次交通事故成伤致死亡案例,多渠道收集案件信息,全面细致检验尸体,再现事故发生经过,明确死者的成伤过程,分析损伤的成伤方式、严重程度,判断生活反应,确定死者的死亡原因及各次损伤对死亡的参与程度。结果:二次交通事故成伤致死亡案例,存在损伤重、多发伤、复合伤、成伤方式多样、成伤机制复杂、生前伤死后伤并存,甚至多次损伤相互叠加、破坏、掩盖等特点。结论:二次交通事故成伤致死亡的法医学鉴定应以法医尸检为基础,结合痕迹学、运动力学等多学科知识综合分析和判断。     

康复护理对脑卒中患者的应用价值

目的：探讨康复护理对脑卒中患者护理的应用价值。方法：97例脑卒中患者按数字表法被随机分为：康复护理组（50例,接受早期康复护理）;常规护理组（47例,只进行常规护理）。比较入院时及出院后在我国卒中患者神经功能缺损程度评分量表（CSS）和日常生活活动能力量表（ADL）的得分情况。结果：两组患者入院时 CSS和 ADL评分均无显著差异（P 均＜0.05）;出院后,与常规护理组比较,康复护理组患者 CSS评分[（14.27±7.45）分比（7.87±6.25）分]显著减少,ADL评分[（50.52±19.59）分比（74.52±20.61）分]显著增加（P＜0.05或＜0.01）;住院期间康复护理组各类并发症发生率显著低于常规护理组（18.0％比89.36％,P＜0.01）。结论：对脑卒中患者早期采用有针对性的康复护理,有利于促进患者恢复神经功能,改善预后,提高生活质量。     

A case series of LMWH use in pregnancy: Should trough anti-Xa levels guide dosing?

Introduction

Pregnancy is a thrombogenic state, increasing the risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE), and the risk of valve thrombosis amongst women with mechanical heart valves (MHV). While low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) are generally dosed based on weight (i.e., enoxaparin 1 mg/kg every 12 hours), data in pregnant women have shown that weight-based dosing does not consistently achieve target anti-Xa levels. In women with MHV, our practice includes titrating LMWH doses to target both trough and peak anti-Xa levels, while for those with VTE peak anti-Xa levels guide dosing.

Materials/Methods

This retrospective case series included pregnant women requiring LMWH treatment doses with at least 3 peak (+/− trough) anti-Xa levels. Our primary objective was to describe the actual LMWH dose required to achieve targeted anti-Xa levels relative to weight-based dosing in patients with MHV. Secondarily, we compared the same for VTE patients; compared actual dosing between those with MHV and VTE; and examined maternal and fetal outcomes.

Results/Conclusion

Women with MHV (N = 4) required greater than weight-based dosing of enoxaparin (1.35 mg/kg Q12H) to achieve targeted anti-Xa levels. Importantly, achieving target peak anti-Xa levels did not always ensure maintenance of minimum trough levels. VTE patients (N = 12) did not require more enoxaparin (0.96 mg/kg Q12H) than weight based dosing. MHV patients received more enoxaparin compared to VTE patients (P < 0.001). No bleeding or clotting complications were associated with LMWH administration. In pregnant women with MHV at high risk of thromboembolism, LMWH dosing guided by trough and peak anti-Xa levels should be considered.     

Intra-arterial thrombolysis in the carotid territory

Background: In patients who sustain abdominal trauma the liver is the most frequently injured organ. Although treatment for haemodynamically unstable patients remains urgent surgery, there has been a shift of management in haemodynamacally stable patients towards non-operative management. We performed an outcome assessment of traumatic hepatic injury.

Methods: A retrospective study was performed to assess incidence, mechanisms, management and outcome of traumatic liver injury in the region of ’s-Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands, in the period 1999–2007.

Results: A total of 47 patients were identified. Thirty-six patients had blunt hepatic trauma, eleven sustained penetrating hepatic injury. In 67% (n = 24) of the blunt hepatic trauma patients the initial intention was to treat non-operatively. Yet, two patients underwent explorative laparotomy after one and two days. In the penetrating liver trauma patients, 91% (n = 10) underwent urgent surgery. In total, 31 of 47 patients were treated conservatively.

Conclusion: Blunt hepatic trauma is the most common cause of hepatic trauma. Most patients sustaining hepatic trauma can be managed conservatively at a dedicated ICU and/or surgical trauma ward.     

Peritraumatic Dissociation Is Inversely Related to Catecholamine Levels in Initial Urine Samples of Motor Vehicle Accident Victims

ABSTRACT

This study was designed to determine the relationship between self-reports of peritraumatic dissociation during a motor vehicle accident and measures of physiological arousal in the immediate aftermath of the accident. Upon admittance to the hospital, 15-hour urine samples were collected from participants to measure levels of urinary catecholamines and cortisol. Within two days of the accident, participants reported symptoms of peritraumatic dissociation, and one month after the accident, 59 (34 male and 25 female) participants completed an interview designed to assess symptoms of PTSD. Results revealed that patients who subsequently developed PTSD reported significantly higher levels of peritraumatic dissociation than victims who did not develop PTSD, and that dissociation was negatively associated with levels of urinary norepinephrine and epinephrine. Dissociation was not related to urinary cortisol or cardiovascular levels upon admission. These findings are consistent with previous research that has suggested that high dis-sociators may constitute a subgroup of trauma victims who are physiologically less reactive to trauma.     

Factors affecting irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation: a systematic review

The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic review and critical analysis of published data on irrigant extrusion to identify factors causing, affecting or predisposing to irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation of human mature permanent teeth. An electronic search was conducted in Cochrane Library, LILACS, PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Web of Knowledge using a combination of the terms ‘irrigant’, ‘rinse’, ‘extrusion’, ‘injection’, ‘complication’, ‘accident’, ‘iatrogenic’, ‘root canal’, ‘tooth’ and ‘endodontic’. Additional studies were identified by hand‐searching of six endodontic journals and the relevant chapters of four endodontic textbooks, resulting in a total of 460 titles. No language restriction was imposed. After applying screening and strict eligibility criteria by two independent reviewers, 40 case reports and 10 ex vivo studies were included in the review. A lack of clinical studies focusing on irrigant extrusion during root canal irrigation was evident. The reviewed case reports focused mainly on the clinical manifestations and management of the accidents and did not provide adequate details on the possible factors that may influence irrigant extrusion. The data from the included ex vivo studies were inconclusive due to major methodological limitations, such as not simulating the presence of periapical tissues and not assessing the validity of irrigant detection methods. The extensive variability in the protocols employed hindered quantitative synthesis. The choice of factors investigated in ex vivo studies seems not to have been driven by the available clinical evidence. These issues need to be addressed in future studies.