Long-term l-Dopa pretreatment of mice: Central receptor subsensitivity or supersensitivity?

The effect of d-amphetamine added to the drinking water on the rate of conditioned lever pressing by rats was determined using fixed-ratio 30 (FR-30) and fixed-interval 2-min (FI-2) schedules of food presentation. After 32 days of gradual increase in drug concentration the average drug ingestion was 13 mg/kg/day. In tests with various doses of d-amphetamine injected before and after the chronic ingestion regimen, the rate-decreasing effects of d-amphetamine on FR responding were attenuated after chronic treatment, indicating development of a two- to three-fold tolerance. However, the rate-decreasing effect of d-amphetamine on FI responding was not altered by chronic ingestion. Since acute amphetamine treatment reduced the reinforcement frequency under the FR but not the FI schedule, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that a behavioral tolerance will develop most readily to drug effects that decrease the frequency of reinforcement. Upon removal of d-amphetamine from the drinking water there was some increase in the rate of FR responding, but no change in FI responding.     

Chronic Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in rats: Effect on social interactions,mouse killing,motor activity,consummatory behavior,and body temperature

Behavioral and physiologic effects of daily administration of ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) were assessed over a 60-day period, investigating different dose levels (10, 20, 50 mg/kg), routes of administration (i.p., p.o.), drug vehicles [5%–18% propylene glycol(PG)/1% Tween 80-saline; sesame oil], and rat strains (Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, Long-Evans, Fischer). All THC-treated rats showed compulsive motor routines (i.e., forepaw treading, rhythmic jaw movements, prolonged head grooming, and biting of cage wires) after 3–4 weeks. Whether maintained on a restricted feeding regimen or not, three was no evidence for increased aggressive behavior between cagemates in any of the treatment groups. Mouse killing was induced in 70%–75% of all Sprague-Dawley (i.p., PG/Tween 80-saline vehicle) and Fischer rats (p.o., sesame oil vehicle), but not in the other THC-treated groups. Rearing activity was greatly decreased in all THC-treated groups throughout the treatment period. Food and water intake decreased by approximately 40% during the first 2–6 days of THC administration. Growth rate was reduced for the entire treatment period in THC-treated rats. THC decreased rectal temperature on the 1st day, and also on the 2nd day in Fischer rats receiving the drug in sesame oil, but not thereafter. This pattern of effects shows that tolerance develops rapidly to THC's effects on body temperature and consummatory behavior, but not to changes of certain motor activities.     

Circling behavior following systemic d-amphetamine administration: Potential noradrenergic and dopaminergic involvement

Systemic treatment with d-amphetamine produced a dose-dependent increase in the circling behavior of normal mice. Treatment with both -methyl-p-tyrosine (-MpT) and FLA-63 antagonized the amphetamine-induced circling behavior. Similarly, blockade of B-adrenergic receptors by propranolol and dopamine receptors by haloperidol reversed the circling response elicited by amphetamine. In contrast to -MpT and haloperidol, however, neither FLA-63 nor propranolol attenuated the locomotor excitation engendered by amphetamine. Following repeated d-amphetamine injections the circling ordinarily induced by a single injection was abolished, whereas the locomotor effects of amphetamine remained unaltered. These findings are consistent with earlier work suggesting that tolerance may occur in those behaviors that involve a noradrenergic component.     

Effects of hypnotics on the sleep EEG of healthy young adults: new data and psychopharmacologic implications

Benzodiazepine hypnotics increase NREM sleep and alter its EEG by reducing delta (0.3–3 Hz) and increasing sigma (12–15 Hz) and beta (15–23 Hz) activity. We tested whether the nonbenzodiazepine hypnotic, zolpidem (10 mg), produced the same pattern of sleep and EEG changes as two “classical” benzodiazepines, triazolam (0.25 mg) and temazepam (30 mg). Sleep EEG of 16 subjects was analyzed with period amplitude analysis for 3 nights during drug administration or placebo. The effects of zolpidem were in the same direction but generally of smaller magnitude than those of the classical benzodiazepines. These differences are more likely the result of non-equivalent dosages than different pharmacologic actions. Period amplitude analysis showed that the decreased delta activity resulted mainly from a decrease in wave amplitude. In contrast, the increased sigma and beta activity were produced by increased wave incidence. Delta suppression increased with repeated drug administration but sigma and beta stimulation did not. While these findings have little relevance for the clinical choice of hypnotics they may hold important implications for the brain mechanisms involved in hypnotic tolerance and withdrawal delirium.     

中药联合化疗治疗Ⅲ期大肠癌术后患者的临床研究

目的观察比较Ⅲ期大肠癌术后患者单用化疗和中药联合化疗对化疗的耐受能力和化疗间歇期的生活质量的影响.方法对60例Ⅲ期大肠癌术后患者进行随机对照试验,30例单用化疗(对照组),30例采用中药联合化疗(试验组),两组化疗方案相同,化疗时间为一周期,化疗过程中和化疗间歇期比较试验组和对照组对化疗的耐受能力和生活质量.对照组30例进行自身对照试验,化疗第一周期单用化疗,第二周期中药联合化疗,两周期化疗过程中和化疗间歇期比较自身对化疗的耐受能力和生活质量.结果试验组在化疗过程中对化疗的耐受能力比对照组强,化疗间歇期生活质量提高,两组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01);对照组自身对照,第二周期较第一周期对化疗的耐受能力提高,化疗间歇期生活质量提高.结论中药能提高Ⅲ期大肠癌术后患者对化疗的耐受能力和化疗间歇期的生活质量.     

热、化疗联合治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌初探

背景与目的晚期非小细胞肺癌化疗有效率低,而热、化疗联合已在多种实体瘤的治疗中取得良好效果。本研究旨在探讨热疗与化疗联合治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌的可行性及近期疗效。方法51例晚期非小细胞肺癌患者入选,其中热化疗组(HC组)22例,单纯化疗组(C组)29例,均给予NP(长春瑞滨 顺铂)或GP(吉西他滨 顺铂)方案化疗2个周期。热化疗组使用13.8MHz局部射频热疗机同步进行热疗,每周2次,共12次。结果热化疗组有效率为22.7%,单纯化疗组为13.8%(P>0.05);热化疗组临床受益率为68.2%,而单纯化疗组为34.5%(P<0.05)。两组患者治疗前后KPS评分的变化无统计学意义。结论初步观察到热、化疗联合治疗晚期非小细胞肺癌有良好的耐受性和较好的近期疗效,值得进一步研究。     

A comparison of morphine analgesic tolerance in male and female mice

Studies comparing morphine tolerance in males and females are rare, and all studies to date have utilized the rat. To generalize from findings with rats morphine tolerance was investigated in male and female mice using the tail-withdrawal test. Three and 7 days of systemic morphine injections produced significant but unequal rightward shifts in the morphine dose-response curve such that females displayed greater increases in analgesic ED(50) values when compared to males. In a separate experiment, males and females displayed similar reductions in morphine analgesic sensitivity when %MPE (maximum possible effect) and %total (area under the curve) were compared after 3 days of morphine. Differences in initial morphine sensitivity between sexes were not observed in either study. The data demonstrate that, in contrast to rats, female mice undergo greater reductions in morphine analgesia relative to males following chronic morphine, but this sex difference may depend on the method of assessing analgesia. Furthermore, the duration and/or cumulative dose of morphine treatment does not affect the expression of sex differences in morphine tolerance.     

爱情满意度与包容及情商的关系

目的 探讨爱情满意度与包容力以及情商的关系,找出提高爱情满意度的方法.方法 使用包容力测试、EQ测试与爱情满意度问卷对870位在校大学生进行调查研究.结果 不同性别之间在爱情满意度上没有显著差异,但是在情商和包容力上却差异显著(t=2.543,P＜0.05；t=5.358,P＜0.01).是否是独生子女、不同的年级和不同的年龄之间,爱情满意度、情商和包容力没有显著的差异.爱情满意度与包容力和情商之间的相关关系十分微弱(r=-0.142,0.161).结论 更多包容和更高情商并不会带来更满意的爱情,而是需要双方积极和良好的沟通才能把存在的问题和矛盾化解.     

Regulatory T cells: the future of autoimmune disease treatment

ABSTRACT

Introduction: CD4 + T regulatory cells (Tregs) have been described as the most potent immunosuppressive cells in the human body. They have been found to control autoimmunity, and clinical attempts have been made to apply them to treat autoimmune diseases. Some specific pathways utilized by Tregs in the regulation of immune response or Tregs directly as cellular products are tested in the clinic.

Areas covered: Here, we present recent advances in the research on the biology and clinical applications of Tregs in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

Expert opinion: Regulatory T cells seem to be a promising tool for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The development of both cell-based therapies and modern pharmacotherapies which affect Tregs may strongly improve the treatment of autoimmune disorders. Growing knowledge about Treg biology together with the latest biotechnology tools may give an opportunity for personalized therapies in these conditions.     

ROS清除剂在细菌抗生素耐受中的作用研究进展

活性氧簇(ROS)是生物在有氧环境中进行能量代谢时产生的一类分子的总称，ROS不仅在动物、植物以及细菌的生理过程中发挥着重要的作用，也在研究抗生素杀菌和细菌耐药性的产生上有着重要的功能，添加ROS清除剂有助于我们更好的研究ROS在细菌对抗菌剂耐受中的作用。本文主要通过对常见的ROS清除剂过氧化氢酶、硫脲、联吡啶、DMSO、褪黑素和其他较为常见的清除剂等化合物在抗生素杀菌过程中的作用机制、ROS清除剂添加对细菌耐受性的影响及其他生理作用进行综述，旨在对这些常见的ROS清除剂的不同功能和缺点进行一个更广泛和深入的了解，以便我们在选用相关ROS清除剂时对其作用机理有较为清楚的了解从而选取合适的ROS清除剂。