The Influence of Varying Precompaction and Main Compaction Profile Parameters on the Mechanical Strength of Compacts

The purpose of this work was to investigate how altering the method of force application could be beneficial to tablet production in order to increase tablet strength and eliminate or minimize the incidence of capping and lamination. An integrated compaction research system (i.e., compaction simulator) was used throughout this study. Compaction profiles containing a single compaction event and a double (pre- and main) compaction event were created. The ratio and magnitude of the pre- and main compaction pressures were varied and the time interval between the pre- and main compaction events was altered to determine the effects on the crushing strengths and capping tendency of the final compacts. In all cases, for a given pressure, the double compaction event produced stronger tablets than the single compaction event. When the ratio and magnitude of the pre- and main compaction pressures were varied, the results differed depending on the material undergoing compaction. Dicalcium phosphate/microcrystalline cellulose and pregelatinized starch tablets had no significant difference in crushing strength values regardless of whether the precompaction pressure was less than or greater than the main compaction pressure. However, both direct compression (DC) acetaminophen and DC ibuprofen were found to have increased crushing strengths and decreased capping/lamination when the precompaction pressure was less than the main compaction pressure. When the time interval between the pre- and main compaction events was varied from 30 to 500 msec, no significant difference in the crushing strength or capping/lamination tendency was observed. It was concluded that the effect of altering the ratio and magnitude of the pre- and main compaction pressures varied from one material to another, suggesting that the profiles should be tailored individually for the specific material undergoing compaction.     

住院患者作息时间合理性的调查分析

目的分析现行住院患者作息时间的适宜性,找出合理的住院患者作息时间,以便既符合住院患者作息习惯,又利于患者的治疗及护理。方法采取方便抽样法,对武汉市3所综合性医院符合纳入条件的1200例住院患者,进行有关医院作息时间的问卷调查。结果 620例(51.7%)习惯7:00起床,610例(51.0%)认为8:00吃早餐较合理,560例(46.7%)认为午餐应在11:30开始,630例(52.5%)认为午休时段应为12:00～14:30,560例(46.7%)认为晚餐应在17:30开始,650例(54.2%)认为22:00熄灯休息最合适。结论合理的住院患者作息时间可以为,护士早晨7:00开始护理治疗,患者早晨7:00～7:30起床,8:00吃早餐,中午12:00吃午餐,12:30～14:30午休,17:30吃晚餐,22:00熄灯休息;可根据季节对患者的起床时间和睡觉时间进行30min的弹性调整;除了调整患者的作息时间外,还要合理配备护理人力资源、科学排班,提供个体化的适时护理,重视患者的睡眠时间及质量。     

Place and Time Coding of Frequency in the Peripheral Auditory System: Some Physiological Pros and Cons

Evidence for and against classical theories of ‘place’ and ‘period’ mechanisms for the coding of frequency, and the modifications of the theories invoked to account for the pitch of ‘residue’ and other types of stimuli, are examined in the light of physiological data. These include new data on the temporal discharge patterns of cochlear nerve fibres under stimulation with two-tone complexes, harmonic and inharmonic three-tone complexes, and five-tone complexes of differing relative phase. They show, in particular, that certain arguments against ‘period’ coding of ‘residue’ pitch are invalid. The interspike intervals in the discharge patterns of cochlear fibres under these conditions are consistent with the pitches heard. On the other hand, the classical ‘period’ theory needs to be modified to take into account the normally relatively sharp frequency selectivity of cochlear fibres, and requires certain inefficiencies on the part of the central processor for pitch.

Comparison of measures of cochlear fibre frequency selectivity with analogous psychophysical data in man, including those on the ‘existence region’ of ‘residue’ pitch, suggests that ‘residue’-type stimuli judged to be tonal in quality could both: (a) be sufficiently resolved spectrally at the cochlear fibre level to serve as input to any of the current spectral ‘pattern recognition’ mechanisms proposed for the pitch extraction of complex signals, and also, (b) could generate patterns of temporal discharge reflecting enough waveform interaction between the harmonics to convey the pitch heard, because of the shape of the cochlear filters. (This conclusion might have to be qualified in the light of further physiological experiments on the ‘second effect’ of pitch shift.)

The present evidence, both psychophysical and physiological, suggests the following synthesis: musical interval recognition and relatively crude frequency discrimination can be accomplished by trained observers on signals where the frequency appears to be coded exclusively in terms of temporal information. However, the pitch quality of these signals is judged to be poor or absent. Likewise, signals, apparently coded exclusively by ‘place’ mechanisms, while having tonality, allow relatively crude frequency discrimination and judgment of musical intervals. With the possible exception of psychophysical data on the phenomenon of diplacusis, the present evidence cannot exclude the possibility that the central pitch extractor mechanism utilizes both the ‘place’ and ‘period’ cues produced by pure-tone signals (below 5 kHz) and ‘residue’-type signals, both signals evoking strong pitch and fine acuity of frequency discrimination. The degree of salience of a signal's pitch could well depend on the coherence of the two types of cue.

However, the greatest obstacle to the acceptance of ‘place’ coding mechanisms for frequency, particularly of the frequency components of a complex sound, is the restricted dynamic range of the peripheral elements of the auditory nervous system. Because of this, it is not clear how differences in the spectral energy distribution in signals at medium to high sound levels can be established in terms of patterns of mean discharge rate across the cochlear fibre array. At high sound levels, physiological evidence suggests that the discharge rates of the majority of stimulated fibres will be saturated, whereas psychophysical evidence suggests that the coding of the frequency and the relative level of even single-component signals can be carried out over a wide dynamic range in the absence of cues derived from spread of activity across the fibre array. Some new data, however, indicate that this problem may be circumvented at the cochlear nucleus level, but the coding mechanisms involved at the primary neurone level are obscure. One intriguing possibility exists that the auditory nervous system may utilize the fine temporal structure of cochlear fibre discharge patterns for the transmission of ‘place’ information.     

炎症调控介质:保护素D1的研究进展

背景 保护素D1 (protectin D1,PD1)是近期发现的由二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexenoic acid,DHA)衍生的生物活性分子,是机体一种重要的内源性脂质抗炎及促炎症消退介质. 目的 深入认识这个新的家族有助于探讨多种疾病的发病机制,并为其治疗提供新的靶点. 内容 大量研究表明,PD1对多种炎性细胞的功能和多种炎症相关基因的表达有广泛的调节作用,能促进炎症反应及时消退,可改善多种疾病的转归.现就PD1的生物学活性、对炎性细胞及炎症相关疾病的作用作一综述. 趋向 随着研究的深入,必将全面地揭示PD1的病理生理意义、详细地阐明其效应机理,并最终研制出具有临床应用价值的新型抗炎药物.     

研究生时间管理倾向、个人奋斗与生活满意度的关系

目的探讨研究生时间管理倾向、个人奋斗与生活满意度之间的关系。方法以219名硕士研究生作为被试,采用问卷调查法和访谈法进行研究。结果①研究生重视自己的个人奋斗,但生活满意度较低(x-±s=3.85±0.32);②个人奋斗与时间管理倾向相关显著(r=0.170~0.383),个人奋斗对时间管理倾向有一定预测作用,解释变异量达到17.0%。;个人奋斗与生活满意度相关显著(r=0.154~0.295),并对其有预测作用,解释变异量达到12.3%;时间管理倾向也对生活满意度有一定预测作用,解释量达到13.4%。结论研究生的时间管理倾向、个人奋斗与其生活满意度显著相关。那些以往成就经验较多,时间效能感较强的个体拥有较高的生活满意度。     

USA300 methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Norway

Moen AEF*, Tannæs TM, Leegaard TM. USA300 methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Norway. Community‐associated methicillin‐resistant S. aureus USA300 is known for its ability to disseminate and colonize and the clone has been detected globally. We studied the most populated area in Norway in search for the strain and for signs of endemic establishment. Strain typing techniques such as spa‐, SCCmec‐ and dru‐typing, pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis and detection of USA300 molecular markers, lukS/F‐PV and arcA, were performed. USA300 has been present in the study area since 2003 and has increased in incidence in parallel with the total MRSA incidence. Most USA300 isolates were found in the community, but isolates were also detected in health care institutions.     

Starch digestibility modulation significantly improves glycemic variability in type 2 diabetic subjects: A pilot study

Background and aimsIn type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, the reduction of glycemic variability and postprandial glucose excursions is essential to limit diabetes complications, beyond HbA1c level. This study aimed at determining whether increasing the content of Slowly Digestible Starch (SDS) in T2D patients’ diet could reduce postprandial hyperglycemia and glycemic variability compared with a conventional low-SDS diet.Methods and resultsFor this randomized cross-over pilot study, 8 subjects with T2D consumed a controlled diet for one week, containing starchy products high or low in SDS. Glycemic variability parameters were evaluated using a Continuous Glucose Monitoring System.Glycemic variability was significantly lower during High-SDS diet compared to Low-SDS diet for MAGE (Mean Amplitude of Glycemic Excursions, p < 0.01), SD (Standard Deviation, p < 0.05), and CV (Coefficient of Variation, p < 0.01). The TIR (Time In Range) [140–180 mg/dL[ was significantly higher during High-SDS diet (p < 0.0001) whereas TIRs ≥180 mg/dL were significantly lower during High-SDS diet. Post-meals tAUC (total Area Under the Curve) were significantly lower during High-SDS diet.ConclusionOne week of High-SDS Diet in T2D patients significantly improves glycemic variability and reduces postprandial glycemic excursions. Modulation of starch digestibility in the diet could be used as a simple nutritional tool in T2D patients to improve daily glycemic control.Registration numberin clinicaltrials.gov: NCT 03289494.     

Initial HRCT findings of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection

Please cite this paper as: Yuan et al. (2012) Initial HRCT findings of novel influenza A (H1N1) infection. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 6(601), e114–e119. Objectives The aim of our study was to describe the presentation and illustrate the imaging features of chest high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of patients with novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. Methods Data were collected from 163 hospitalized patients between November 2009 and March 2011, who fulfilled the clinical criteria for H1N1 influenza infection and underwent HRCT examinations within 24 hours of admission. Results Abnormal findings were observed in 40·5% of the patients. The patients with positive imaging findings were significantly older than patients with normal HRCT findings (P = 0·02). The most common finding was ground‐glass opacity (GGO) (n = 35). Interlobular septal thickening (n = 31) and centrilobular nodules (n = 30) were the second most frequent findings. Other common findings were consolidation, reticulation, and linear shadow. The most common imaging finding for lung involvement was GGO with a patchy pattern. Pulmonary involvement of the disease may be extensive and variable, but the total volume of affected lung was mostly <1 lobe. Conclusion The baseline HRCT may be valuable and suggestive even for non‐severe H1N1 infections. When a severe case or a evolution is suspected, chest CT could be essential both for determining the precise extent of parenchymal damage and for monitoring its evolution.