还原分析方法在中医现代研究中的意义

从科技发展史角度并结合中医学特点，论述还原分析方法在中医现代研究中的意义。认为中医学的现代研究是一个复杂的系统工程，应该坚持多层次、多方法、多学科的研究原则；用还原分析方法深入研究中医学的理论和实践，是实现中医学与现代科学对话的需要，是使中医学得到国际医学界认同的需要，是促进中医学不断发展的需要；应用时应扬其长，避其短，并和中医学固有的整体综合研究方法有机结合。     

Prognosis in node-negative primary breast cancer: a neural network analysis of risk profiles using routinely assessed factors.

BACKGROUND: The present study investigated complex time-dependent effects of routinely assessed factors on the risk of breast cancer recurrence over follow-up time, with a partial logistic artificial neural network (PLANN) model. PATIENTS AND METHODS: PLANN was applied to data from 1793 patients with node-negative breast cancer, not submitted to any adjuvant treatment and with a minimal potential follow-up of 10 years. RESULTS: The shape of the hazard function changed according to histology, which showed a time-dependent effect, partly modulated by estrogen receptors (ERs). Age and progesterone receptors (PgR) showed protective effects; the latter was more evident for short follow-up and high ER values. Tumour size and ER content showed time-dependent unfavourable effects at early and long follow-up times, respectively. Predicted values of disease recurrence probability at 2 years of follow-up showed that low steroid-receptor content, young age and large tumour size were associated with the highest risk of relapse. Although the oldest patients with high ER content seem to be those most protected overall, high risk predictions tend to spread also to higher steroid-receptor contents, intermediate ages and small tumour size, with an increase in follow-up time. CONCLUSION: PLANN with suitable visualisation techniques provided thorough insights into the dynamics of breast cancer recurrence for improving individual risk staging of node-negative breast cancer patients.     

A prospective economic evaluation of basiliximab (Simulect) therapy following renal transplantation

BACKGROUND: Immunoprophylaxis with basiliximab (Simulect), an anti-interleukin-2-receptor (anti-IL-2R; CD25) chimeric monoclonal antibody, has been demonstrated to significantly reduce the incidence of acute cellular rejection in adult renal allograft recipients (32% vs. placebo, p < 0.01). METHODS: An economic evaluation was conducted as part of a U.S. multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial comparing basiliximab plus dual immunosuppressive therapy (cyclosporine modified [Neoral] and corticosteroids) to dual therapy alone. Healthcare resources utilized by the 346 subjects in the 'intent-to-treat' population were prospectively collected over the 1-yr study period. Direct medical costs were determined for all hospitalizations, outpatient provider visits, procedures (excluding the initial transplant procedure), laboratory and diagnostic tests, and immunosuppressants, including basiliximab when administered. RESULTS: Total first-year medical costs were lower for the basiliximab group than for the placebo group ($28 927 vs. $32 300, difference = $3373). although this difference was not statistically significant. First-year hospital costs for treating acute rejection were also lower for the basiliximab group ($9328 vs. $10761, difference = $1433); however, this difference did not achieve statistical significance. Importantly, the efficacy analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in the incidence of acute rejection (38 vs. 55%, p < 0.01) in the basiliximab arm, and this was accomplished without increasing the overall cost of care. Fewer basiliximab-treated patients (8 vs. 15%,, p = 0.03) were hospitalized. This observation suggested less serious illness and reduced treatment costs among basiliximab-treated patients, because the overall incidence of infection was similar between the groups. The adverse event profile of patients receiving basiliximab was clinically and economically indistinguishable from that of those treated with placebo. CONCLUSION: Induction immunosuppression with basiliximab, combined with cyclosporine modified and corticosteroids, was therapeutically beneficial and contained medical costs during the initial post-transplant year.     

抗幽门螺杆菌感染的4种药物治疗方案的成本-效果分析

目的: 对幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染的消化性溃疡4种治疗方案进行分析比较.方法: 用药物经济学成本效果分析进行评价.结果: 无论是成本效果比分析(C/E),还是增量成本效果比分析(△C/△E),均得出P1(奥美拉唑 阿莫西林 甲硝唑 果胶铋)组为最佳方案.结论: 药物经济学在优化治疗方案,指导合理用药,提高经济效益方面具有重要作用.     

733例/次应用抗癫痫药患者血药浓度监测结果分析

目的 :指导临床合理应用抗癫痫药。方法 :运用回顾性调查方法 ,对宣武医院2000年3月～2001年3月所监测的应用抗癫痫药治疗但疗效不佳或怀疑中毒的733例/次患者的血药浓度结果进行分析。结果 :血药浓度在正常治疗浓度范围内的患者占37 6 % ,高于正常治疗浓度范围的患者占6 4 % ,低于正常治疗浓度范围的患者占55 9 %。联合用药的患者中 ,血药浓度高于或低于正常治疗浓度的患者总数达79 1 %。另外 ,在服用中药的患者中 ,测出化学合成药物成分者占90 % ,其中血药浓度不正常者达86 %。结论 :在应用抗癫痫药时 ,不仅应注意血药浓度监测 ,还应尽量避免多种药物联合应用 ,注意中药中含有的化学合成药物成分 ,重视个体化给药。     

维生素B_(12)市场透析

目的 :掌握维生素B12 的市场现状及发展趋势。方法 :对维生素B12 国内、外生产和销售情况进行分析。结果与结论 :我国维生素B12 市场潜力巨大 ,制药企业应密切关注市场变化 ,完善自身条件 ,以求进一步发展     

2000年～2002年广东省40余家医院抗心律失常药用药分析

目的 :了解广东省40余家医院抗心律失常药应用情况。方法 :对所选医院3年中使用的抗心律失常药购药金额、用药频度及日均费用数据进行统计分析。结果 :3年中 ,抗心律失常药物购药金额呈逐年上升趋势 ,但增长速度逐年减慢 ;国产药市场份额逐年上升 ,进口药市场份额逐年下降 ,合资药市场份额保持平稳 ;用药频度最高的药是美托洛尔和门冬氨酸钾镁。用药金额排第1位的是美托洛尔。结论 :我国抗心律失常药市场将继续扩大 ,国内制药企业应加大对抗心律失常药物的开发、研制力度。     

驻店执业药师与医院医师优势合作的SWOT分析

目的 :促进我国驻店执业药师与医院医师的合作。方法 :运用SWOT分析方法 ,分别对驻店执业药师和医院医师各自的优、劣势以及各自所处环境的机会、威胁进行分析。结果与结论 :我国驻店执业药师和医院医师应各司其职、相互交流、共同协作 ,一起服务于我国的卫生保健事业。     

螺旋藻多糖的性质结构研究

采用高效液相色谱、气相色谱、特异性酶降解、高碘酸氧化、Smith降解及各种化学方法进行螺旋藻多糖分子质量、单糖组成、连接方式及糖苷键键型分析,并对各种化学成分进行测定。经检测螺旋藻多糖是一种由多种单糖组成的复杂多糖，具有β-型糖苷键．主链部分以1→3键连接为主。     

青岛市麻疹流行病学分析与监测状况评价

目的 分析2003年青岛市麻疹流行现况及麻疹监测系统报告资料，获得青岛市麻疹的流行特点并探索麻疹发病的主要影响因素，初步评价青岛市麻疹监测系统运转情况，为改善青岛市麻疹防制和监测工作提供依据。方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测IgM和IgG抗体。结果 青岛市2003年各区市麻疹发病以散发为主，麻疹病例相对集中的4个地区分别是位于城乡结合部的黄岛区、崂山区、李沧区和城阳区，麻疹病例占总数的66．67％，发病高峰主要为3、4月，病例多集中于15-24岁年龄段人群。结论 青岛市麻疹发病以成人为主，城乡结合部发病较集中，其中拥挤程度和人员流动性是影响青岛市麻疹发病的主要因素。今后青岛市麻疹的防制和监测工作重点应进行相应的调整，加强对成年麻疹发病的免疫干预，并进一步完善监测样本采集和流调信息的完整。