Restriction in the repertoire of the immunoglobulin light chain subgroup in pathological cold agglutinins with anti-Pr specificity

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In cold agglutinin disease, monoclonal red blood cell autoantibodies, termed cold agglutinins, induce haemolysis in patients exposed to the cold. Commonly, these autoantibodies are directed against the developmentally regulated I/i blood groups. A second blood group system, the Pr system (located on glycophorins), is involved less frequently. Anti-Pr cold agglutinins recognize either alpha 2,3- or alpha 2,6-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid as the immunodominant group. Cold agglutinins of anti-I/i specificity show a remarkable restriction in their genomic repertoire of the immunoglobulin heavy and light-chain immunoglobulin-variable domain (i.e. exclusive use of VH4-34 in heavy chains). For anti-Pr cold agglutinins, preliminary data on the repertoire of the light-chain variable domain indicate a preference for the subgroup Vkappa IV. To elucidate restrictions in the light-chain variable-domain subgroup repertoire of anti-Pr cold agglutinins systematically, and to discuss these results in the context of their anti-Pr(1-3) subclassification and immunodominant sialic acid, light chains in 13 anti-Pr cold agglutinins were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The anti-Pr light chains were isolated using temperature-dependent absorption/elution techniques. Subsequently, they were subjected to N-terminal Edman degradation, and the light chain Vkappa subgroup was affiliated using the Kabat database. RESULTS: Five of 13 (38%) light chains belonged to Vkappa IV, five of 13 (38%) to Vkappa I and three of 13 (23%) to Vkappa III. Anti-Pr with Vkappa IV subgroup light chains exclusively recognized alpha 2,3-linked N-acetylneuraminic acid. CONCLUSIONS: Including data from the literature, the repertoire of the light-chain variable domain in pathological anti-Pr cold agglutinins exhibits a clear bias towards the use of the single germline gene-derived subgroup, Vkappa IV (eight of 17 or 47%). The association of Vkappa IV subgroup light chain-containing anti-Pr cold agglutinins with binding to alpha 2,3-, but not alpha 2,6-linked N-acetyneuraminic acid raises speculations about a possible role of subgroup-derived determinants in anti-Pr binding.     

高效抗逆转录病毒治疗15例人类免疫缺陷病毒感染者一年总结

目的 首次报道我国于1999年5月开始对人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）－1感染者的规范化高效抗逆转录病毒治疗。方法 用齐多夫定＋拉米夫定（AZT＋3TC,商品名：双汰芝）联合硫酸茚地那韦（indinavir,商品名：佳息患）对15例HIV感染或艾滋病患者进行为期1年的治疗。随访指标为病毒载量和T淋巴细胞亚群分析。结果 15例随访1年,用药3个月后HIV－1 RNA平均值至198拷贝／ml,比治疗前的90743RNA拷贝／ml下降2.7log。用药后12个月CD4细胞计数平均增加67个／μl,CD8细胞计数平均减少192个／μl,CD4／CD8比例从0．35增加到0．56,15例中2例未作T淋巴细胞亚群分类,13例治疗后3、6、9、12个月CD4^ 童贞细胞（CD45RA＋CD62L＋）数呈现平稳上升趋势,在治疗1年时平均升高42个／μl。而CD8^ 童贞细胞（CD45RA＋CD62L＋）数平均升高19个/μl。所有患者用药后出现消化道反应,3例出现一过性黄疸,2例出现泌尿系结石。结论 与国外临床报道的治疗效果相一致,15例HIV－1不同阶段感染者经治疗后病毒载量水平明显降低,CD4平均细胞数有所增加,在具有不同病毒基因亚型的病例显示同样的治疗效果。     

Impaired T-lymphocyte function in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia as measured by the local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction

The immunological dysfunction observed in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) is often related to T-lymphocyte incompetence. The local xenogeneic graft-vs.-host reaction (XGVHR), an assay to evaluate T-lymphocyte function, was performed in 112 untreated B-CLL patients. The XGVHR results significantly correlated with clinical parameters: 37.1% of the patients in the stable phase (Rai stage 0–1–2) and only 13.3% of the patients in the progressive phase (Rai stage 3–4) had positive XGVHR results. Patients with negative results had a higher number and percentage of lymphocytes (25 247 vs. 17 071/μl and 75.9% vs. 65.6%, respectively), much lower T/B lymphocyte ratio (0.37 vs. 0.93), higher WBC count (30 977 vs. 23 458/μl), lower platelet count (158 068 vs. 181 684/μl) and lower levels of IgA and IgM (115.6 vs. 200.5 mg/dl and 80.4 vs. 124.3 mg/dl, respectively) compared to those with positive results. Among those with negative XGVHR results, a higher mortality rate was found in those who had infections compared with those who did not (73.7% vs. 9.1%). In conclusion, the XGVHR assay significantly correlates with important characteristics of B-CLL and may be useful in the clinical evaluation of B-CLL patients.     

Overview of high-risk HPV's 16 and 18 infected cervical cancer: Pathogenesis to prevention

As general, the Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the most sexually transmitted diseases. Among well categorized 80 types, the high-risk types HPV's 16 and 18 are highly involved in 70% of cervical cancer. The virulence of HPV is mainly exhibited by E5, E6 and E7 encoded oncoproteins that cause low to high-grade cervical lesions (CIN-1, 2, 3), leading to form 99.7% of squamous cell and 89% of adenocarcinomas cervical cancer worldwide. This study mainly encircles the major role of E5, E6 and E7 oncoproteins in HPV 16 and 18. Further discussed the uprising of significant biomarkers and their cellular process in different stages of cervical cancer with current prevention and treatment regimens. Hence, this integration will evoke novel markers, potential vaccination and various treatments approaches with special reference for HPV16 and 18 infected cervical cancers.     

兰州地区慢性乙型肝炎患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群与HBV DNA水平的相关性研究

目的通过分析不同病毒载量慢性乙型肝炎(CHB)患者和乙型肝炎病毒携带者(ASC)外周血T淋巴细胞各亚群变化的规律,探讨乙肝病毒复制水平对T淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响及其可能机制。方法选择兰州市第二人民医院2012年7~12月收治的CHB患者63例(CHB组),选取同期ASC患者112例(ASC组),健康体检者84例(对照组)。采用流式细胞仪检测三项分组血清中T淋巴细胞亚群水平,实时荧光定量法检测HBV DNA水平。结果 CHB组患者和ASC组患者外周血CD3+、CD4+及CD4+/CD8+水平均低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而CD8+水平则显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论兰州地区慢性HBV感染者T淋巴细胞亚群存在不同程度免疫调节异常和功能障碍。     

Lymphocyte subsets in primary sclerosing cholangitis

As an initial step in testing the hypothesis that immunoregulatory abnormalities are important in the pathogenesis of primary sclerosing cholangitis, we determined the number and percentage of lymphocyte subsets in the peripheral blood of 33 patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis. In these patients, when compared with normal and diseased controls, there was a significant reduction in the total number of circulating T cells because of a disproportionate decrease in Leu-2a (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells. This decrease resulted in a significantly increased ratio of Leu-3a to Leu-2a cells. Patients with cirrhosis had significantly higher Leu-3a/Leu-2a (helper/suppressor) ratios than did noncirrhotic patients; both disease groups, however, had ratios that were significantly higher than controls. The number and percentage of B cells were significantly increased. Alterations in the percentage of B cells correlated significantly with histologic stage and concentrations of gamma globulin, serum IgG, and bilirubin. We conclude that these abnormalities are suggestive of a defect in immunoregulation in primary sclerosing cholangitis, which is not secondary to advanced liver disease alone and appears to be independent of chronic ulcerative colitis,or obstructive jaundice.Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Gastroenterologic Association, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 19–25, 1984.This work was supported by the Mayo Foundation and Sandoz Inc., East Hanover, New Jersey.     

HCV-specific lymphocyte responses in individuals with positive anti-HCV but negative HCV-RNA

BackgroundHepatitis C virus (HCV) status cannot be reliably predicted in anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative individuals who may either have recovered spontaneously or have a false-positive test due to antibody cross-reaction. Investigating T lymphocyte responses in individuals with different HCV status may help understand the cellular immune mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery, treatment response, and chronicity.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine whether anti-HCV positive, HCV-RNA negative individuals are truly spontaneous recoverers from acute HCV infection.Study designWe used enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay to compare HCV-specific lymphocyte response among anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative individuals, patients with sustained virological response to interferon-γ/ribavirin treatment, and patients with chronic HCV infection.ResultsWe found that 83% of anti-HCV positive/HCV-RNA negative individuals without a past medical history of acute icteric hepatitis had an HCV-specific T lymphocyte response in peripheral blood. Lymphocyte responses in these individuals were similar in magnitude to treatment responders unlike patients with chronic HCV whose virus-directed immunity was significantly suppressed.ConclusionsDetection of HCV-specific T lymphocyte responses using ELISPOT is a feasible method to ascertain past asymptomatic acute HCV infection.     

类风湿关节炎患者外周血CD4+T细胞表面PD-1的表达及意义

目的观测类风湿关节炎（RA）患者外周血CD4+T细胞表面程序性死亡因子1（PD-1,CD279）表达的变化、探讨PD-1在RA发生、发展中的作用。方法应用流式细胞术检测40例RA患者和20例健康体检者外周血CD4+T细胞表面PD-1的阳性率,对比分析RA患者病情活动组与稳定组间PD-1表达的差异,分析PD-1阳性率与C反应蛋白（CRP）,红细胞沉降率（ESR）,类风湿因子（RF）等临床指标的相关关系。结果病情活动期RA患者外周血CD4+T细胞PD-1阳性率为（32.90±12.15）%,明显高于健康体检者（22.32±6.04）%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;稳定期RA患者的PD-1阳性率为（27.49±6.79）%,与健康体检者的差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。RA患者中,CD4+T细胞表面PD-1阳性率与RF呈正相关（r=0.525,P＜0.01）,与ESR呈正相关（r=0.328,P＜0.05）,与CRP无明显相关性（r=0.232,P＞0.05）。结论病情活动期RA患者外周血CD4+T细胞表面PD-1表达增加,可能对疾病的发生、发展具有重要意义。     

壮药透骨香抗类风湿关节炎药物活性部位筛选及机制研究

目的 探讨壮药透骨香抗类风湿关节炎作用的药物活性部位及作用机制。方法 体外培养法制备BALB/c小鼠脾淋巴细胞,经刀豆蛋白A（CoA）刺激作用后,以透骨香各药物部位进行干预, 细胞计数试剂盒-8（CCK-8）法检测细胞增殖情况,计算刺激指数;体外培养小鼠脾细胞,刀豆蛋白A刺激T淋巴细胞增殖,采用酶联免疫吸附实验（ELISA）法检测观察透骨香活性部位对细胞因子白细胞介素-2（IL-2）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）含量的影响。结果 小鼠脾细胞经刀豆蛋白A刺激后,细胞计数试剂盒-8检测光密度（OD）值与刺激指数显著升高（P＜0.05）,透骨香正丁醇部位及水溶部位能明显降低光密度值及刺激指数,其中水溶部位（5 μg·mL^-1）作用最强（P＜0.05）;刀豆蛋白A刺激脾淋巴细胞增殖后,细胞因子白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-10分泌显著增强,透骨香水溶部位干预后能明显抑制白细胞介素-2分泌,提高白细胞介素-10含量（P＜0.05）。结论 透骨香水溶部位对T淋巴细胞增殖具有较强抑制作用,是透骨香抗RA活性部位,其机制可能与调节细胞因子白细胞介素-2、白细胞介素-10分泌有关。     

CCR9在非小细胞肺癌患者外周血CD4+ T淋巴细胞中的表达及其对趋化活性的影响

目的：探讨CC族趋化因子受体9（ CCR9）在非小细胞肺癌（ NSCLC ）肿瘤免疫机制中的作用。方法采用流式细胞术检测42例NSCLC患者和30名健康人手术前后T细胞亚群以及外周血中CD4＋T淋巴细胞表面CCR9的表达情况,计数各组细胞表达的百分率。免疫磁珠分选外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞,采用transwell实验检测并分析CCL25/CCR9对CD4＋T淋巴细胞迁移的影响。结果 NSCLC患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群均降低,术后外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞、CD4＋/CD8＋比值均明显高于术前[（49.11±8.32） vs （46.17±8.71）,P＝0.031和（1.66±0.09） vs （1.44±0.06）,P＝0.001];术前CD4＋CCR9＋T淋巴细胞的百分率低于术后[（3.33±1.11） vs （6.57±1.92）,P＜0.05]和健康对照组[（3.33±1.11） vs （11.06±1.37）,P＜0.05]。在CCL25诱导下,NSCLC患者外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞趋化指数（CI）为3.14,明显低于健康对照组的3.83（ P＜0.05）。经过anti-CCR9单抗处理后,CD4＋T淋巴细胞的CI为0.62,与未经anti-CCR9 mAb处理者相比明显降低（ P＜0.05）。结论 NSCLC患者外周血T淋巴细胞调节机制紊乱,CL25/CCR9相互作用可介导外周血CD4＋T淋巴细胞迁移,NSCLC患者外周血淋巴细胞中CCR9低表达,影响淋巴细胞迁移,可能与肿瘤逃避免疫监视的机制有关。手术可以逆转CD4＋T淋巴细胞表面CCR9的表达变化, CCR9可能作为评价肺癌治疗后免疫重建的指标。