吞咽治疗仪联合肠内营养治疗卒中后延髓麻痹吞咽障碍的临床研究

目的观察吞咽治疗仪联合肠内营养支持对卒中后延髓麻痹咽期神经源性吞咽障碍患者的治疗效果。方法选取咽期吞咽障碍患者106例随机分为对照组、治疗仪组、肠内营养组及联合治疗组。各组患者均给予脑卒中常规药物治疗及鼻饲营养师指导下配制的匀浆流质饮食,治疗仪组患者同时辅以吞咽治疗仪治疗,肠内营养组患者则以肠内营养制剂瑞高治疗,联合治疗组患者则同时辅以吞咽治疗仪及肠内营制剂瑞高联合治疗。分别于治疗前、后采用反复唾液吞咽测试及饮水试验评价患者吞咽功能的改善情况。结果除对照组患者以外,其他各组患者吞咽功能评分均较治疗前显著改善（P〈0.01）,进一步分析后发现,各组患者吞咽功能疗效顺序如下：联合治疗组〉治疗仪组〉肠内营养组〉对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论吞咽治疗仪联合肠内营养治疗脑卒中后延髓麻痹所导致的吞咽障碍具有协同效应,可进一步提高临床疗效,促进患者早日康复。     

Transnasal endoscopic evaluation of swallowing: A bedside technique to evaluate ability to swallow pureed diets in elderly patients with dysphagia

BACKGROUND:

Endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (EES) is not commonly used by gastroenterologists to evaluate swallowing in patients with dysphagia.

OBJECTIVE:

To use transnasal endoscopy to identify factors predicting successful or failed swallowing of pureed foods in elderly patients with dysphagia.

METHODS:

EES of pureed foods was performed by a gastroenterologist using a small-calibre transnasal endoscope. Factors related to successful versus unsuccessful swallowing of pureed foods were analyzed with regard to age, comorbid diseases, swallowing activity, saliva pooling, vallecular residues, pharyngeal residues and airway penetration/aspiration. Unsuccessful swallowing was defined in patients who could not eat pureed foods at bedside during hospitalization. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent predictors of swallowing of pureed foods.

RESULTS:

During a six-year period, 458 consecutive patients (mean age 80 years [range 39 to 97 years]) were considered for the study, including 285 (62%) men. Saliva pooling, vallecular residues, pharyngeal residues and penetration/aspiration were found in 240 (52%), 73 (16%), 226 (49%) and 232 patients (51%), respectively. Overall, 247 patients (54%) failed to swallow pureed foods. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of pharyngeal residues (OR 6.0) and saliva pooling (OR 4.6) occurred significantly more frequently in patients who failed to swallow pureed foods.

CONCLUSIONS:

Pharyngeal residues and saliva pooling predicted impaired swallowing of pureed foods. Transnasal EES performed by a gastroenterologist provided a unique bedside method of assessing the ability to swallow pureed foods in elderly patients with dysphagia.     

球囊扩张术结合针刺治疗脑损伤后环咽肌失迟缓症临床疗效研究

目的观察球囊扩张术结合针刺对脑损伤后环咽肌失迟缓症所致吞咽障碍的临床疗效。方法60例脑损伤后环咽肌失迟缓症患者,经吞咽造影检查确诊后,随机分成治疗组和对照组。对照组采用吞咽功能训练、针刺治疗,治疗组在对照组治疗的基础上予球囊扩张术,两组治疗6周后观察疗效。结果治疗后两组患者的吞咽功能均得到明显改善,两组洼田氏饮水试验比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;治疗组患者治疗后的荧光吞钡造影（VFSS）评分明显高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论球囊扩张术结合针刺在改善脑损伤后环咽肌失迟缓症所致吞咽障碍方面有显著疗效。     

吞咽障碍治疗仪联合吞咽训练对治疗吞咽障碍的疗效观察

目的:观察吞咽障碍治疗仪联合吞咽训练治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍的疗效。方法:将100例脑卒中后吞咽障碍的患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各50例。两组均常规进行神经内科药物治疗,观察组增加吞咽障碍治疗仪联合吞咽训练治疗。对两组治疗前、治疗后洼田饮水测试及滕岛一郎吞咽功能评分、临床疗效评定。结果:住院治疗15 d后,观察组洼田饮水评级及滕岛一郎吞咽功能评分均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);临床疗效比较,两组吞咽功能均提高,但观察组疗效明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:吞咽障碍治疗仪联合康复训练治疗脑卒中后吞咽障碍疗效显著,可明显改善吞咽功能障碍,提高患者生存质量,改善预后。     

中西医综合治疗置留气管插管的吞咽障碍疗效分析

目的探讨康复训练和吞咽治疗仪,配合针灸治疗带有气管插管吞咽障碍患者的疗效。方法随机将32例患者分成两组,中西医结合治疗组和电针灸治疗组。中西医结合治疗组进行康复训练,同时使用吞咽治疗仪,并配合针灸治疗,电针灸治疗组只进行针灸治疗。两组患者分别在治疗前与治疗后都使用吞咽障碍评定表(参照藤岛一郎吞咽障碍疗效评定标准)进行吞咽障碍的评价。治疗前,对比中西医结合治疗组和电针灸治疗组患者的吞咽障碍程度,无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结果经过30d的中西医综合治疗以后进行评定,中西医结合治疗组的吞咽功能明显优于电针灸治疗组(P<0.05)。结论中西医综合治疗置留气管插管吞咽障碍的患者,效果明显。     

Diagnosis and treatment of post-extubation dysphagia: Results from a national survey

Purpose

This study sought to determine the utilization of speech-language pathologist (SLPs) for the diagnosis and treatment of post-extubation dysphagia in survivors of mechanical ventilation.

Methods

We designed, validated, and mailed a survey to 1,966 inpatient SLPs who routinely evaluate patients for post-extubation dysphagia.

Results

Most SLP diagnostic evaluations (60%; 95% CI, 59%-62%) were performed using clinical techniques with uncertain accuracy. Instrumental diagnostic tests (such as fluoroscopy and endoscopy) are more likely to be available at university than community hospitals. After adjusting for hospital size and academic affiliation, instrumental test use varied significantly by geographical region. Treatments for post-extubation dysphagia usually involved dietary adjustment (76%; 95% CI, 73-79%) and postural changes/compensatory maneuvers (86%; 95% CI, 84-88%), rather than on interventions aimed to improve swallowing function (24%; 95% CI, 21-27%).

Conclusions

SLPs frequently evaluate acute respiratory failure survivors. However, diagnostic evaluations rely mainly upon bedside techniques with uncertain accuracy. The use of instrumental tests varies by geographic location and university affiliation. Current diagnostic practices and feeding decisions for critically ill patients should be viewed with caution until further studies determine the accuracy of bedside detection methods.     

吞咽石蜡油置胃管法的有效性探讨

目的探讨吞咽石蜡油置胃管法的临床效果。方法将102例患者随机分为观察组（52例）和对照组（50例）,观察组置管之前吞咽10～15ml石蜡油后迅速将胃管插入胃内,对照组采用常规置管法。观察两组患者一次置管成功率,置管过程中恶心呕吐发生率,留置胃管后喉部干痛症状发生率。结果观察组和对照组一次置管成功率分别为92．30％和74．00％．置管过程中恶心呕吐发生率分别为19．23％和68．00％,留置胃管后喉部干痛发生率分别为11．54％和56．00％。两种方法观察指标比较采用χ2检验,P值均小于0．05,差异有统计学意义。结论吞咽石蜡油置胃管法能提高一次置管成功率,减轻患者痛苦,是一种较理想的置管方法。     

Physiological and clinical outcomes associated with use of one-way speaking valves on tracheostomised patients: A systematic review

BackgroundThe one way speaking valve was first engineered in 1985 to allow patients with tracheostomies to communicate. The research has indicated alternative physiological benefits of using a speaking valve, however this literature has not yet been evaluated. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the evidence for one-way speaking valve in a range of physiological domains, including vital signs, aspiration, olfaction, ventilation and tracheostomy weaning, length of stay, and quality of life.MethodsA literature search was conducted in September 2017. Studies were eligible if they compared the use of a one-way speaking valve against no speaking valve, across any physiological or clinical parameter.Results16 eligible studies were included in this review. A meta-analysis random-effect model (I² = 71.96, p = 0.006) found reduced instances of aspiration with a speaking valve in situ, compared to without a speaking valve in situ (OR 0.122; 95% confidence interval, 0.031–0.479; p = 0.003). Statically significant results were also found across the domains of olfaction, secretion management and ventilation.ConclusionThere is emerging evidence of additional benefits for using speaking valves. Further studies should focus on clinical outcomes that have the potential to reduce healthcare costs as well as patient outcomes.     

Functional outcomes of soft palate free flap reconstruction following oropharyngeal cancer surgery

IntroductionThe objective of this study was to assess the impact of surgical resection and free flap reconstruction of soft palate cancer on speech, swallowing and quality of life, and to identify the factors influencing functional outcomes and quality of life.Material and methodsPatients treated with surgical resection of squamous cell carcinoma and free-flap reconstruction of the soft palate were reviewed at least 12 months after surgery. Speech was assessed using the Hirose intelligibility scoring system, nasalance scoring, GRBAS scoring and the Voice Handicap Index 30 (VHI30) questionnaire. Swallowing was assessed by fiberoptic endoscopy and the Deglutition Handicap Index (DHI). Quality of life was assessed using EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-H&N35 questionnaires.Results29 patients were included. Speech outcomes were satisfactory, demonstrating normal or slightly below normal speech intelligibility in 75.9% of the patients, moderate or no rhinolalia in 72.4% of the patients and mean overall VHI30 scores indicative of slight or no handicap in 86.2% of the patients. Swallowing outcomes were satisfactory, with mean overall DHI scores indicative of slight or no handicap in 82.8% of the patients. Patient quality of life was preserved as demonstrated by mean quality of life and functioning scales scores all superior to 80%.ConclusionThe sequelae arising from surgical resection and free-flap reconstruction of soft palate cancer are tolerable, involving slight handicap in terms of speech and swallowing and relatively little impact on quality of life.     

Voice outcome indicators for unilateral vocal fold paralysis surgery: A survey among surgeons

IntroductionStandardization of voice outcomes indicators (VOIs) is an important issue when it comes to evaluating and comparing surgical treatments for Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis (UVFP). In a recent review, 11 VOIs were found to represent 80% of the VOIs cited in the literature. A survey was launched among the European laryngologists to acquire surgeons’ opinions on the above mentioned preselected VOIs.Material and methodThe electronic survey took place between November and December 2016. Three general questions were asked about surgeon's practice setting(s) and experience. The eleven next questions concerned (a) surgeon's VOIs preference and (b) their estimates of post-operative target values, they would consider being satisfactory.ResultsThe response rate was 16% (50 surveys). The majority of responders worked in tertiary hospitals (50%), had 15 years of experience with UVFP and performed on average 20 UVFP related procedures a year. The VOIs that were favored by the responding surgeons were, in decreasing order of importance, Voice handicap Index (VHI-30), Maximum Phonation Time (MPT), GRBAS-I, Mean Airflow Rate (MeAF), Jitter and Shimmer. There was an excellent consensus on post-operative VOI target values between survey's results and the literature data, except for three VOIs that showed somewhat divergent tendencies (absolute VHI-30, Jitter and Shimmer).ConclusionsThree VOIs are favored by surgeons: VHI-30, MPT and GRBAS-I. Jitter and Shimmer, although very frequently reported and statistically valid in the literature, come last concerning surgeon's choice as VOI for UVFP treatment assessment.