Exposure to Tobacco Retail Outlets and Smoking Initiation among New York City Adolescents

This study was designed to estimate the relationship between exposure to tobacco retail outlets and smoking initiation in a racially diverse urban setting. Using data from the 2011 NYC Youth Risk Behavior Survey, multivariable logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the exposure–initiation relationship and test for effect modification, while controlling for covariates. The predicted probability of smoking initiation from the multivariable model increased from 7.7 % for zero times a week exposed to tobacco retailers to 16.0 % for exposure seven times or more per week. The odds of initiation were significantly higher among adolescents exposed to tobacco retail outlets two times or more a week compared with those exposed less often (AOR = 1.41; 95 % CI: 1.08, 1.84). Risk-taking behavior modified the relationship between exposure and initiation, with the odds of initiation highest among those low in risk-taking (AOR = 1.78; 95 % CI: 1.14, 1.56). These results are consistent with past research, showing that frequent exposure to tobacco marketing in retail settings is associated with increased odds of initiation. Reducing exposure to tobacco retail marketing could play an important role in curtailing smoking among adolescents, especially those less prone to risk-taking.     

Original Papers · Travaux originaux: Factors Affecting the Prevalence of Tinnitus

The prevalence of tinnitus was studied in a large population of noise-exposed workers. It was found that 6.6% had tinnitus which was more than momentary. Results of two other studies were compared. Factors possibly relating to the prevalence of tinnitus were studied. The single most important factor found to be related to tinnitus is hearing level. The higher the hearing level, the faster the rate of increase in the prevalence of tinnitus. Other factors such as sex, age, laterality, smoking and shooting do not seem to have a significant, direct relationship with tinnitus, but they are related to the prevalence of tinnitus indirectly through the influence they have on hearing loss.

La prévalence des acouphènes a été étudiée dans une large population de travailleurs exposés aux bruits industriels. On a relevé que 6,6% des travailleurs avaient des acouphènes plus que passagers. Les résultats de deux autres recherches ont été comparés à celle-ci. Les facteurs associés à la prévalence des acouphènes ont été étudiés et seul le degré de surdité a paru lié. Une surdité importante augmente la probabilité d'acouphènes chez les travailleurs. D'autres facteurs comme le sexe, l'aˇge, la latéralité, le fait de fumer ou de tirer ne semblent pas avoir de rapport direct ou significatif avec les acouphènes mais peuvent ětre liés à ceux-ci indirectement à travers leur influence sur la surdité.     

Association between density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets with smoking: A systematic review of youth studies

BackgroundReducing the retail availability of tobacco has been proposed as a component of tobacco endgame, yet it is not known whether retail availability has a direct impact on smoking behaviours. A narrative review and a meta-analysis have been undertaken to examine the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets, but were limited in scope, exposure and outcome variables. The aim of this current study was to undertake a systematic review of the international literature on the density and proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes, schools and communities and their association with smoking behaviours among youth.MethodsWe reviewed and critically appraised the evidence documenting the association between density or proximity of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours among school-age youth (18 and under), between 1 January 1990 and 21 October 2019. We reviewed original quantitative research that examined the associations of tobacco retail outlet density and proximity with individual smoking status or population-level smoking prevalence; initiation of smoking; frequency of tobacco use; sales to minors; purchasing by minors; susceptibility to smoking among non-smokers; perceived prevalence of smoking, and quitting behaviours.FindingsThirty-five peer-reviewed papers met the inclusion criteria. This review provided evidence of a relationship between density of tobacco retail outlets and smoking behaviours, particularly for the density near youths’ home. A study using activity spaces also found a significant positive association between exposure to tobacco retail outlets and daily tobacco use. The review did not provide evidence of an association between the proximity of tobacco retail outlets to homes or schools and smoking behaviours among youth.ConclusionsThe existing evidence supports a positive association between tobacco retail outlet density and smoking behaviours among youth, particularly for the density near youths’ home. This review provides evidence for the development and implementation of policies to reduce the density of tobacco retail outlets to reduce smoking prevalence among youth.     

Attitudes of oncology healthcare practitioners towards smoking cessation: A systematic review of the facilitators,barriers and recommendations for delivery of advice and support to cancer patients

ObjectivesA systematic review of the literature was conducted. The review was conducted using a search of the literature for all years up to October 2016. Statements that identified facilitators, barriers or recommendations surrounding smoking cessation delivery were extracted and analogous statements aggregated to enable thematic analysis. After searching multiple databases and the application of exclusion and inclusion criteria, a total of 19 acceptable studies were identified.Key findingsDelivery of cessation by oncology professionals was impacted by their own knowledge and views, their perception of the benefits to patient health and by the workplace procedures within their institution.ConclusionOncology practitioners worldwide face similar issues in delivering smoking cessation advice. By improving training programs that address the attitudes and beliefs which facilitate or block delivery of smoking cessation and by implementing systemic changes within cancer centres, delivery of smoking cessation should be enabled.     

克罗恩病患者吸烟饮酒现状的调查与分析

目的了解克罗恩病患者吸烟饮酒现状,为给予针对性的生活习惯指导和健康教育提供借鉴。方法采用便利抽样的方法,应用自行设计的炎症性肠病患者吸烟饮酒情况调查问卷对杭州、南京和广州三市多家医院的157例克罗恩病患者进行调查。结果克罗恩病患者确诊后吸烟率为14.01%,且均为男性,其中36.36%患者每日吸烟量大于10支,有超过半数的患者存在不同程度的被动吸烟情况。目前有36.36%的吸烟患者已经戒烟;克罗恩病患者确诊后饮酒率为7.64%,其中38.46%患者每日饮用两种类型酒,23.08%患者饮酒频率超过3次/周,还有部分患者每日饮酒量超过正常人群平均水平。目前,50.00%的饮酒患者已经戒酒。结论部分克罗恩病患者仍有吸烟和/或饮酒的生活习惯,在知晓其具体吸烟饮酒行为的基础上,通过评估其对烟酒与疾病关系的了解程度给予个体化的健康指导,强调戒烟和适度饮酒对疾病的重要性。     

Substance use after bariatric surgery: A review

BackgroundPrevalence of obesity has increased dramatically. Obese individuals may undergo bariatric surgery to lose excessive body fat and mitigate obesity-related comorbidities. However, bariatric patients are particularly vulnerable to substance use problems. We conducted a review to examine the prevalence change and factors associated with substance use and determine the association between substance use and health status after weight loss among bariatric patients.MethodsWe searched peer-reviewed articles published between January 1990 and January 2015 in several databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar) using different keywords combinations. Studies that focused on pre-surgery substance use only or without reported effect measurements were excluded.ResultsOverall, 40 studies were included in the review. Preoperative history of substance use was a reliable correlate of postoperative substance use. The prevalence of postoperative alcohol use was higher among patients with preoperative history of alcohol use than those without. Postoperative prevalence of alcohol use ranged from 7.6% to 11.8%. No significant prevalence change in cigarette smoking from pre-to postoperative period was observed. Time effect was not observed on smoking or drug use prevalence, while an increase in alcohol consumption was inconsistent across studies. The proportion of new-onset substance users among bariatric patients after surgery ranged from 34.3% to 89.5%.ConclusionSubstance use is associated with poor health among bariatric patients. Preoperative assessment and postoperative follow-up should include interventions to reduce relapse among users and prevent substance use initiation.