The logical structure and validity of experimental designs in pharmacokinetics and clinical pharmacology

Much of the literature on research design in clinical pharmacology and pharmacokinetics emphasizes statistical concerns, thus suggesting that a primary ingredient of a valid research design is an appropriate plan for statistical analysis of data. However, statistical validity is only one of several ways to evaluate an experimental study. The present paper reviews the underlying logic and sources of invalidity of experimental drug research suggesting influences and factors which may deceive or lure an experimenter into erroneous conclusions.     

桂枝镇痛效应的药理学研究

目的　探讨桂枝的镇痛作用。方法　采用热板法和扭体法观察该药的镇痛作用。结果　桂枝对小鼠热致痛和醋酸致痛均有明显的抗痛作用 ,与颅痛定镇痛效果比较均无显著差异 (P >0 .0 5 ) 。结论　桂枝具有镇痛效应 ,对临床应用、镇痛药开发具有借鉴和指导意义。     

Methodological issues in music interventions in oncology settings: A systematic literature review

This paper is part of a systematic literature review and presents methodological issues within studies, investigating therapeutic applications of music in cancer patients. This review focuses on published international research from the USA, Canada, Australia and European countries using four electronic databases: PSYCHINFO, WEB OF SCIENCE, MEDLINE and SCIENCEDIRECT. Thirty-two papers were identified and each paper was coded in terms of sample type, basic research question, research design and methodological details, results and implications for future research. This paper addresses questions related to study design and methodology. It explores and discusses the relative advantages and disadvantages of various approaches.     

高等医学院校艺术隐性课程探究

隐性课程是当前课程理论研究领域十分关注的课题，近年来的教育实践表明，艺术课程对促进学生的全面发展具有深刻的影响。本文论述了隐性课程的特征和构成要素，阐述了艺术隐性课程的价值功能，并提出了医学院校实现艺术隐性课程的有效措施。     

米非司酮作用于兔输卵管收缩活动与Ca^2＋关系的研究

通过“结合化学分离与原子吸收分光光度法”对Ca^2 含量测定和离体输卵管肌条收缩记录方法，研究米非司酮（Ru486)对增加假孕（4d)兔输卵管平滑肌收缩频率，而不改变其收缩张力和振幅时与Ca^2 之间的关系，结果提示：（1）Ru486对输卵管分泌液和组织内Ca^2 的含量分布无明显影响；（2）Ru486具有降低细胞外液高Ca^2 浓度促Ca^2 内流，而使收缩增强的效应，且能协同Ca^2 通道阻断剂（Verapamil)抑制细胞外Ca^2 内流，而致收缩减弱的效应。     

The future of cardiovascular imaging and non-invasive diagnosis

Advances in medical imaging now make it possible to investigate any patient with cardiovascular disease using multiple methods which vary widely in their technical requirements, benefits, limitations and costs. The appropriate use of alternative tests requires their integration into joint clinical diagnostic services where experts in all methods collaborate. This statement summarises the principles that should guide developments in cardiovascular diagnostic services.This paper is published simultaneously in the European Heart Journal (2006;27:1750–1753) and in the European Journal of Echocardiography (2006;7:268–273).     

Medizinische Ökonomie in der Onkologie

Zusammenfassung In der Onkologie gewinnen medizinisch-ökonomische Aspekte eine immer größere Bedeutung. In Anbetracht des Anstiegs der Gesundheitsausgaben und der immer teureren Interventionen müssen Wege aufgezeigt werden, wie mit den vorhandenen finanziellen Mitteln Prioritäten gesetzt werden können. Die medizinische Ökonomie, eine vergleichsweise junge Wissenschaft, beschäftigt sich unter anderem mit der ökonomischen Bewertung medizinischer Technologien mit dem Ziel der Verbesserung der gesundheitspolitischen Entscheidungsfindung. Dieser Artikel beleuchtet die Grundlagen dieser Wissenschaft, einschließlich der ökonomischen Evaluation, im Kontext der internistischen Onkologie. Zweifelsohne wird die medizinische Ökonomie in Zukunft in der ärztlichen Fort- und Weiterbildung eine ähnlich wichtige Rolle spielen wie klinische Epidemiologie und evidenzbasierte Medizin.     

Children's stories of hope: moving toward an expanded understanding of the world children live in

This qualitative study that allowed children to be the dominant voice examined children's stories of hope. Twenty-nine kindergarten children through to third graders were interviewed using familiar school items: story board, pictures, puppets, and so on. One elementary school, located in a large southwestern metropolitan city, was selected for this study. Data was coded and prominent themes emerged illustrating that children are much more moral than many adults give them credit for. Approximately one-half of the stories shared focused not on the children's wants or “hopes”, but on others - classmates, friends, family, or extended relatives. The findings support research that highlights the issues of care, concern, and compassion that are a priority for young children.     

100米短跑技术改进对提高短跑成绩的教学研究

“百米是灵魂”体现了100米短跑成绩对于提高身体素质的影响；与短跑成绩相关的因素很多：步频、步幅、速度、耐力、爆发力以及肌肉、关节的柔韧性和协调性、运动员的心理素质和技术水平等。100米成绩好的学生，其他项目的成绩也比较突出，多年来的课堂教学实践也证明了这一点。由此，在较短的训练时间内，较大幅度的提高100米跑的成绩，经过大运动量、大强度的训练固然可以提高成绩，但经长期的教学研究发现，在教学中“突出跑的技术动作”的改进对于在短时间内提高百米成绩的影响不容忽视。     

Voices of the Afflicted

Over the past 10 years, I have been privileged to conduct educational forums for audiences containing many recovering alcoholics or otherwise chemically dependent persons. In these forums about the addictive diseases and their treatment and research possibilities, significant interaction with the audience members occurs. During these interactions, certain anecdotal phenomena seem to predominate. The repetitive nature of these reports suggests the need for systematic investigation. As with editorial comments in major medical journals, observed phenomena and unanswered questions from those afflicted can be valuable in the generation of testable hypotheses. Perhaps the ideas presented herein will be useful in the development of future research on alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.