Morphological characteristics of senile plaques in familial Alzheimer's disease

Summary The distribution and morphology of senile plaques (SPs) in the cerebral cortices and subcortical nuclei of six cases of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) were examined using the Methenamine-Bodian method and compared with those of sporadic AD cases. SPs were grouped into three types according to their morphology. SP types were generally constant at each anatomical site in all of the cases. The SPs of familial cases, however, had a greater tendency to fuse together than those of sporadic cases, especially in the cingulate cortex, presubiculum and striatum. This tendency was more evident in cases with severe amyloid angiopathy. Here it appeared that a SP type corresponding to diffuse plaques at least in part, might be formed by transformation from another type. In the globus pallidus, all the familial cases had many compact-like plaques which appeared to be derived from drusige Entartung of the capillaries. Furthermore, the regional proportion of two types of SPs occuring in this nucleus varied along its anteroposterior axis. These findings may be the histological hallmarks of atypical AD rather than familial AD.     

Release and disposition of 3H-noradrenaline in the saphenous vein of neonate and adult dogs

Summary Release of ³H-noradrenaline and formation of ³H-metabolites were studied in the saphenous vein of newborn (mean age, 18 h) and adult dogs. Vein strips were incubated with 0.23 mol/l of ³H-noradrenaline during 1 h and washed out for 110 min; thereafter, the perifusion fluid was collected in 5-min samples. Electrical stimulation was applied at 120 min (1 Hz, 2 ms, 100 V, for 5 min). In some experiments the tissues were preincubated with 1 mmol/l pargyline (to inhibit monoamine oxidase). In these experiments, 12 mol/l cocaine (to inhibit uptake₁), 41 mol/l hydrocortisone (to reduce uptake₂) and 50 mol/l U-0521 (to inhibit COMT) were present during the perifusion. ³H-noradrenaline, ³H-DOPEG, ³H-NMN, ³H-DOMA and ³H-OMDA were separated by column chromatography. The noradrenaline content of the tissue was estimated by HPLC followed by electrochemical detection. A morphological study was also carried out by light and electron microscopy.The endogenous noradrenaline content of the saphenous vein was 4.3 times higher in adults than in neonates. The number of varicosities was similar in adults and newborns but the number of vesicles per varicosity profile was 5 times higher in adults. Hence, the endogenous noradrenaline content per vesicle was about the same in adults and newborns. The accumulation of ³H-noradrenaline per vesicle was about 5 times higher in newborns than in adults. On the other hand, the vein wall media of neonates was about 3 times thinner than that of adults. The evoked fractional release of tritium was about 10 times higher in neonates than in adults, whether the inactivation pathways were blocked or not. This difference in the evoked fractional release therefore cannot be ascribed to any difference in the efficacy of the inactivation pathways between neonates and adults. On the other hand, the difference also cannot be ascribed to a different alpha₂-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of ³H-noradrenaline release since, as previously shown, this mechanism is as effective in newborns as in adults.It is concluded that the evoked fractional release of ³H-noradrenaline is higher in neonates than in adults because in neonates the majority of varicosities (and vesicles) is situated closer to the surface of the tissue such that both uptake from the surrounding media into the stores and release from the stores into the surrounding media become easier in the neonates.Abbreviations COMT catechol-O-methyl transferase - DOMA 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid - DOPEG 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol - HPLC high pressure liquid chromatography - MAO monoamine oxidase - NMN normetanephrine - OMDA 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MOPEG) plus 3-methoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (VMA) - U-0521 3,4-dihydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone Correspondence to D. Moura at the above address     

脊神经丛MR成像的研究进展

脊神经丛各组成支神经细小,周围结构复杂,脊神经丛的MR成像一直是研究的重点和难点。常用于脊神经丛成像的MRI技术包括多种重T₂WI抑脂序列、扩散张量成像（DTI）、扩散峰度成像（DKI）、计量T₂值的T₂-mapping和三维神经鞘信号增高并背景抑制弛豫增强的快速采集定量成像（3D SHINKEI-Quant）、磁化转移率（MTR）成像等。此外,对比剂成像、显微神经成像等技术还有待进一步发展。对上述MRI技术在脊神经丛中的臂丛及腰骶丛中的应用作一综述。     

Morphology and spatial arrangement of large retinal ganglion cells projecting to the optic tectum in the perciform fish Pholidapus dybowskii

Using retrograde HRP labeling from the optic nerve (ON) or optic tectum (OT), we have visualized large ganglion cells (LGCs) in wholemounted retinas of the teleost Pholidapus dybowskii and studied their morphology and spatial properties. In all, three LGC types were distinguished. In a previous paper, detailed data were provided on one type, biplexiform cells [Pushchin, I. I., & Kondrashev, S. L. (2003). Biplexiform ganglion cells in the retina of the perciform fish Pholidapus dybowskii revealed by HRP labeling from the optic nerve and optic tectum. Vision Research, 43, 1117-1133]. Here, we present data on the other two confirmed types, alpha(a) and alpha(ab) cells. The types differed in the level of dendrite stratification, dendrite arborization pattern, dendritic field size, and other features, and formed in the retina significantly non-random, spatially independent mosaics. Both types were labeled from the OT, indicating their participation in OT-mediated visual reactions. The comparison of spatial properties of alpha(a) and alpha(ab) mosaics labeled from the ON and OT suggests that the OT is the major or one of the major projection areas of both types. We also describe the morphology of cells resembling alpha(c) cells of other fishes, which were only labeled from the ON. The LGC types presently revealed were similar in their morphology to LGCs found in other teleosts supporting the hypothesis of LGC homology across the teleost lineage.     

沉默核干细胞因子基因对HL-60白血病细胞形态学和细胞化学影响的检测

目的探讨体外沉默白血病细胞核干细胞因子（Ns）基因转染后细胞形态学和细胞化学特征改变与细胞生物学行为的关系。方法体外合成Ns特异性短发夹状RNA（shRNA）转染HL-60白血病细胞,逆转录-聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）和免疫印迹法评价Ns基因沉默和Ns蛋白合成抑制效果,倒置显微镜观察活体细胞形态,Wright—Giemsa染色观察细胞形态学改变,血液分析仪测定细胞大小、粒度和均-性变化,髓过氧化物酶（MPO）、α-乙酸萘酯酶（α—NAE）和过碘酸-雪夫反应（PAS）测定反映细胞化学特征变化。结果沉默Ns基因导致HL-60白血病细胞发生了形态学变化,细胞核和细胞质出现了进-步分化和成熟特征,Wright—Giemsa染色观察到细胞核碎裂现象,血液分析仪发现细胞变得大小不均并有较多核碎裂和无核的细胞碎片存在,细胞内定MPO、α—NAE酶活性和PAS反应增强。结论沉默Ns基因表达能促使HL-60细胞进-步分化、成熟,细胞形态学和细胞化学特征发生相应改变,这些形态学变化可以作为研究细胞生物学行为改变的依据之一。     

肱骨结节间沟形态在肱二头肌长头肌腱损伤中的作用

目的　提供详尽的肱骨结节间沟形态资料。方法　使用不同地区肱骨 80只 ,将结节间沟分为近侧水平段和远侧垂直段 ,用量角器和卡尺测量二段的长度及其移行处的角度 ;结节间沟的深度和宽度分五个部位测量 ;观察结节间沟的变异和异常。结果　结节间沟近侧段和远侧段的长度及移行处角度分别为 9.4mm、2 9.7mm和 119.9° ;总长度、深度和宽度分别为 39.2mm、0 .7mm和 2 .6mm ;结节上嵴出现率为 11.2 % ,内、外侧骨刺 16 .2 % ,钙化 45 %。结论　肱骨结节间沟的局部形态与肱二头肌长头腱损伤关系密切。     

脊神经节的形态观测及其临床意义

目的：为临床提供有关脊神经节的形态学基础。方法：解剖观测了３８具（７６侧）成人尸体标本的ＳＧ形态。结果：（１）Ｇ１－尾部ＳＧ长度和横径呈现同步变化的趋势,两 Ｇ４￣Ｔ２、Ｌ２－Ｓ１两次出现高峰区;（２０Ｓ１的ＳＧ最大,尾ＳＧ最小;（３）ＳＧ长度与横径比值从大到小依次为骶部、腰部、尾部、颈部和胸部。结论：腰骶部ＳＧ体积较大;对腰背痛患者,应充分考虑ＳＧ受卡压的可能性;了解ＳＧ的形态特征,有助于临床有     

黄连肉桂对自发性2型糖尿病小鼠胆汁酸代谢、肠上皮Occludin蛋白表达及小肠形态结构改变的影响

目的观察黄连肉桂通过对自发性2型糖尿病(diabetes mouse,db/db)小鼠胆汁酸代谢、肠上皮紧密连接蛋白(Occludin)表达及小肠形态结构改变的降糖机制。方法以6只db/m小鼠为空白组,30只db/db小鼠随机分成5组,每组6只;实验组分别用二甲双胍、黄连、肉桂及黄连肉桂进行干预,对照组给予等量的生理盐水,在8周测量每组小鼠的血糖同时测量小鼠空腹胰岛素;利用液相色谱法检测小鼠粪便胆汁酸的代谢含量、蛋白免疫印迹法检测回肠Occludin蛋白的表达、电镜扫描小鼠小肠形态学的改变。结果黄连肉桂可以有效改善db/db小鼠的高血糖状态、降低小鼠血糖,与模型组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),同时可以增加db/db小鼠胆汁酸中胆酸(cholic acid,CA)、鹅去氧胆酸(chenodeoxy cholic acid,CDCA)分泌,减少熊去氧胆酸(Ursodeoxy cholic acid,UDCA)分泌,与模型组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。黄连肉桂能够增加小鼠回肠Occludin蛋白的表达,与模型组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);还能够改善db/db小鼠肠道超微状态、增强肠道屏障作用、降低其通透性。结论黄连肉桂可以改善db/db小鼠高血糖状态,其机制可能与其可以调节胆汁酸分泌和增加肠Occludin蛋白表达,增强肠道屏障作用、降低其通透性有关。     

睾丸原发性恶性淋巴瘤——附10例报告

目的:报告10例睾丸原发性恶性淋巴瘤,并分析其临床表现、形态学特征及免疫表型。方法:采用 HE及免疫组织化学方法,对标本切片进行染色,显微镜观察分析。结果:患者年龄为 38～76岁,中位年龄56.25岁。临床表现主要为睾丸无痛性弥漫性肿大。病变部位:右侧5例,左侧4例,双侧1例。组织学形态均为恶性弥漫性非霍奇金淋巴瘤,免疫表型B细胞来源9例,T 细胞来源1例。结论:睾丸弥漫性无痛性肿大在中老年患者应考虑睾丸原发性恶性淋巴瘤的可能,最后确诊要依靠病理形态学及免疫组织化学来证实。