病理学教学与正常形态学关系的认识与体会

在病理学教学过程中，教师通过联系正常形态学的知识，采用课前预习、实习课对比教学的方法，引导学生辨别病变组织与正常组织结构和功能之间的异同点，学会识别不同系统病变组织大体和显微镜下的结构特征，并推导出器官功能的改变与临床症状的联系，加强对学生逻辑思维、观察能力和实践能力的培养，为学生进入临床学习奠定基础。     

门静脉高压症对肺循环血管形态学及生物力学特性的影响

随着原位肝移植(OLT)的成功,晚期肝病患者的肺血管异常越来越受到关注,以肝肺综合征(HPS)和门脉性肺动脉高压(PPHTN)最为重要。即使成功地施行了肝移植术,HPS和PPHT的严重程度对患者的预后仍有很大影响。本文针对猪在异种肝移植研究中的应用,分别综述了门静脉高压症对肺血管形态学和生物力学特性的影响,以期为揭示PPHTN和HPS的发病机制提供新思路,并为探索防治该病的有效方法提供理论基础。     

The effects of auditory deprivation on morphological maturation of the ventral cochlear nucleus

Summary The volumes of the auditory brainstem nuclei and age-related auditory brainstem response (ABR) thresholds were analyzed in homozygote (je/je) and heterozygote (je/+) jerker mutant mice. Altogether 97 mice were used in the study. Je/je mice never develop any hearing. The dorsal (DCN) and ventral (VCN) cochlear nuclei were found to have stopped their growth at 56 days after birth. In je/+ mutants, ABR thresholds remained normal or nearnormal for 3–6 months, whereas VCN and DCN volumes remained unchanged at least after 56 days after birth. There is no significant difference in DCN volume in je/je and je/+ mice. However, the VCN volume and the cross-sectional area of globular cells were both significantly larger in je/+ than in je/je mice (P<0.01). These findings show that auditory deprivation during the maturation of hearing in je/je mutants causes an incomplete maturation of only the ventral cochlear nucleus.Supported by grants from the Swedish Medical Research Council (12X-7305), the National Institutes of Health (NS-19238), the Foundation Tysta Skolan (MA), the Ragnar and Torsten Söderberg Foundation (MA) and the University of Umeå     

Morphological effects of neuropathy-inducing organophosphorus compounds in primary dorsal root ganglia cell cultures

Chick embryo dorsal root ganglia (DRG) cultures were used to explore early pathological events associated with exposure to neuropathy-inducing organophosphorus (OP) compounds. This approach used an in vitro neuronal system from the species that provides the animal model for OP-induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN). DRG were obtained from 9-day-old chick embryos, and grown for 14 days in minimal essential medium (MEM) supplemented with bovine and human placental sera and growth factors. Cultures were then exposed to 1 microM of the OP compounds phenyl saligenin phosphate (PSP) or mipafox, which readily elicit OPIDN in hens, paraoxon, which does not cause OPIDN, or the DMSO vehicle. The medium containing these toxicants was removed after 12 h, and cultures maintained for 4-7 days post-exposure. Morphometric analysis of neurites was performed by inverted microscopy, which demonstrated that neurites of cells treated with mipafox or PSP but not with paraoxon had decreased length-to-diameter ratios at day 4 post-exposure. Ultrastructural alterations of neurons treated with PSP and mipafox included dissolution of microtubules and neurofilaments and degrading mitochondria. Paraoxon-treated and DMSO control neuronal cell cultures did not show such evident ultrastructural changes. This study demonstrates that chick DRG show pathological changes following exposure to neuropathy-inducing OP compounds.     

关于形态学实验教学的改革

就传统的形态学实验教学中存在的问题提出几点改革思路。     

实验性大鼠急性呼吸窘迫综合征对脑组织影响的形态学观察

目的　观察急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)大鼠脑组织形态学改变,探讨ARDS致脑损伤的机制。方法　通过大鼠舌静脉按0 10mL/kg体重注入油酸制备ARDS动物模型,对照组从舌静脉注入等体积生理盐水,2h后取脑组织分别作光镜和电镜观察。结果　实验组脑组织光镜半薄切片甲苯胺蓝染色下可见神经组织内有小泡状结构,毛细血管周围间隙扩大;透射电镜超薄切片观察见毛细血管通透性增加,少数神经元有肿胀溶解性改变。对照组脑组织无明显改变。结论　油酸致大鼠ARDS对脑组织的损伤主要由于缺氧所致     

"醒脑开窍"针法对局灶性缺血再灌注大鼠脑组织形态结构变化的影响

目的探讨局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠病理学改变以及针刺的干预作用。方法采用线栓法建立缺血再灌注模型，应用“醒脑开窍”针法并通过电镜与光镜来观察缺血侧大脑皮层形态结构的变化。结果脑缺血再灌注可引发大鼠脑神经元、胶质细胞、毛细血管等结构损伤，针刺可改善脑缺血周围区超微结构损伤。并且发现在3h时间点给予针刺干预较其他时间点理想。结论针刺对局灶性脑缺血再灌注大鼠脑神经细胞超微结构损伤具有保护作用。在3h内给予针刺干预可以收到满意的效果。     

凤尾草的形态组织学研究

对凤尾草各器官的组织构造、全草粉末以及孢子的扫描电镜结构进行了系统研究,其中凤尾草叶表皮的气孔、脉状异形细胞和叶片、叶柄、根茎横切面以及孢子、孢子囊群等均具有一定特征,为凤尾草药材鉴别提供了科学依据。     

Differentiation between benign and malignant findings on MR-mammography: usefulness of morphological criteria

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of morphological criteria in differentiating between benign and malignant lesions on MR-mammography. Fifty-three women (18-82 years) with 62 lesions scheduled for excisional biopsy underwent dynamic contrast-enhanced MR-mammography using fast 3D Gradient-Echo sequences in coronal orientation (axial orientation in seven patients). Histology revealed 44 malignant and 18 benign lesions. For each lesion, five radiologists evaluated four morphological features: lesion shape, irregularity of contour, homogeneity of contrast enhancement and presence of ring enhancement. For each feature a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was generated with calculation of the area under the curve (AUC). Interobserver variability was evaluated by the kappa-coefficient. The most reliable morphological feature indicating malignancy was an irregular lesion contour with a sensitivity/specificity/AUC of 83%/76%/0.9 followed by inhomogeneous contrast enhancement (85%/42%/0.7) and the presence of ring enhancement (71%/53%/0.64). The average interobserver agreement for the different features ranged between 0.35 and 0.4. Morphological criteria are useful features in MR-mammography for differentiating between benign and malignant lesions. However, due to the relatively high interobserver variability, standardization of terminology is important.     

后半规管阻塞术对内耳功能与形态影响的实验观察

本实验对１５只豚鼠行后半规管阻塞术，术前、术后测定ＣＡＰ阈值和ＥＮＧ，并作常规火棉胶连续切片及透射电镜观察内耳形态变化。结果显示：ＣＡＰ阈值手术前、后无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）；眼震持续时间，术后１周明显缩短（Ｐ＜０．０１），术后８周接近术前（Ｐ＞０．０５）。术后１周，光镜下见耳蜗底圈前庭膜向蜗管内膨隆，其余结构无明显异常；电镜观察见椭圆囊、壶腹峙毛细胞个别线粒体肿胀，耳蜗毛细胞正常。术后８周组内耳各结构正常。初步表明该手术对内耳功能与结构无永性损害。